Wireless communications systems and methods using satellite-linked remote terminal interface subsystems

Abstract

A satellite gateway is coupled to a communications network and is operative to communicate with a communications satellite. A terrestrial terminal interface subsystem is operative to communicate with the satellite gateway via the communications satellite using a first radio interface and to communicate with terminals over a geographic area using a second radio interface. The communications network may be a wireless communications network, and the satellite gateway is configured to communicate with a base station controller of the wireless communications network, such that the terrestrial terminal interface subsystem may provide one or more satellite-linked terrestrial base stations.

1. A wireless communications system, comprising:
 a satellite gateway coupled to a communications network and operative to communicate with a mobile communications satellite; and  
 a terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem operative to communicate with the satellite gateway via the mobile communications satellite using a first radio interface over a first frequency band and to communicate with wireless terminal over a geographic area  terminals using a second radio interface over substantially the first frequency band,  
   wherein the terminal interface subsystem comprises an interface converter operative to convert between the first and second radio interfaces; and    
   wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a plurality of wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels .  
 
     
     
       2. A system according to  claim 1 , wherein the first and second radio interfaces are different. 
     
     
       3. A system according to  claim 1 , wherein the first and second radio interfaces are the same. 
     
     
       4. A system according to  claim 1 , further comprising the mobile communications satellite. 
     
     
       5. A system according to  claim 1 , wherein the communications network comprises a wireless communications network, and wherein the satellite gateway is configured to communicate with a base station controller of the wireless communications network. 
     
     
       6. A system according to  claim 1 , wherein the terrestrial terminal interface subsystem comprises an interface converter operative to convert between the first and second radio interfaces. 
     
     
       7. A system according to  claim 6 , wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a plurality of terrestrial wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels. 
     
     
       8. A system according to claim  7    1 , wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a single satellite communication channel to a plurality of terrestrial  wireless communications channels. 
     
     
       9. A system according to claim  6    1 , wherein the interface converter provides unidirectional communications. 
     
     
       10. A system according to claim  6    1 , wherein the interface converter provides bidirectional communications. 
     
     
       11. A system according to  claim 1 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem includes a satellite radio antenna and a terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna co-located at a single terrestrial  base station. 
     
     
       12. A system according to  claim 1 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem includes a satellite radio antenna and a terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna located at geographically  separate sites  locations. 
     
     
       13. A system according to  claim 1 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem comprises a plurality of terrestrial  base stations located at respective ones of a plurality of geographically  distributed sites  locations. 
     
     
       14. A system according to claim  1    4 , wherein the mobile communications satellite is further operative to communicate with terrestrial  terminals without use of the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem. 
     
     
       15. A system according to claim  1    4 :
 wherein the mobile communications satellite is operative to receive information intended for wireless terminals from the satellite gateway and to convey the received information to the wireless terminals without use of the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem; and  
 wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem is operative to receive information from wireless terminals and to convey the received information to the communications network without use of the mobile communications satellite.  
 
     
     
       16. A system according to claim  1    4 :
 wherein the mobile communications satellite is operative to receive information from wireless terminals without use of the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem and to convey the received information to the satellite gateway; and  
 wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem is operative receive information intended for wireless terminals from the mobile communications satellite and to convey the received information to terrestrial  wireless terminals.  
 
     
     
       17. A system according to  claim 1 ,
 wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem is operative to receive information intended for wireless terminals from the mobile communications satellite and to convey the received information to terrestrial  wireless terminals; and  
 wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem is operative to receive information from wireless terminals and to convey the received information to the communications network without use of the mobile communications satellite.  
 
     
     
       18. A system according to  claim 1 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem is operative to control transmission power for  of signals transmitted to the mobile communication satellite responsive to signals received from the mobile communication satellite. 
     
     
       19. A system according to  claim 1 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem is operative to control transmission power for  of signals transmitted to wireless terminal  terminals responsive to signals received from wireless terminals. 
     
     
       20. A system according to  claim 1 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem comprises:
 a satellite radio, antenna;  
 a first low-noise  low noise amplifier coupled to the satellite radio antenna;  
 a first demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the first low noise amplifier;  
 a first modulator having an input coupled to an output of the first demodulation and regeneration unit;  
 a first power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the first modulator; and  
 a terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna coupled to the output of the first power amplifier.  
 
     
     
       21. A system according to  claim 20 , further comprising a first interference reducer coupled to the first demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       22. A system according to  claim 20 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem further comprises:
 a second low noise amplifier coupled to the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna;  
 a second demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the second low noise amplifier;  
 a second modulator having an input coupled to an output of the second demodulation and regeneration unit; and  
 a second power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the second modulator and an output coupled to the satellite radio antenna.  
 
     
     
       23. A system according to  claim 22 , further comprising a second interference reducer coupled to the second demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       24. A system according to  claim 22 , wherein the second modulator is operative to control power of a signal transmitted from the satellite radio antenna responsive to the first demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       25. A system according to  claim 22 , wherein the first modulator is operative to control power of a signal transmitted from the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna responsive to the second demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       26. A system according to  claim 1 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem comprises:
 a terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna;  
 a low noise amplifier coupled to the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna;  
 a demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the low noise amplifier;  
 a modulator having an input coupled to an output of the demodulation and regeneration unit;  
 a power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the second modulator; and  
 a satellite radio antenna coupled to an output of the power amplifier.  
 
     
     
       27. A system according to  claim 1  further comprising a wireless terminal. 
     
     
       28. The system according to  claim 1 , wherein the frequency band is the L band. 
     
     
       29. A terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem for a wireless communications system, the subsystem comprising:
 a satellite radio antenna;  
 a terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna; and  
 an interface converter operative to communicate with a mobile communications satellite via the satellite radio antenna using a first radio interface over a first frequency band and to communicate with wireless terminals over a geographic area  via the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna using a second radio interface over substantially the same first frequency band,  
   wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a single satellite communication channel to a plurality of wireless communications channels .  
 
     
     
       30. A subsystem according to  claim 29 ,  A terminal interface subsystem for a wireless communications system, the subsystem comprising:
   a satellite radio antenna;    
   a wireless communications radio antenna; and    
   an interface converter operative to communicate with a mobile communications satellite via the satellite radio antenna using a first radio interface over a first frequency band and to communicate with wireless terminals via the wireless communications radio antenna using a second radio interface over substantially the same first frequency band,    
 wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a plurality of terrestrial  wireless terminal communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels.  
 
     
     
       31. A subsystem according to  claim 29 , wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a single satellite communication channel to a plurality of terrestrial wireless communications channels. 
     
     
       32. A subsystem according to  claim 29 , wherein the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna, the satellite radio antenna, and the interface converter are co-located at a single terrestrial  base station. 
     
     
       33. A subsystem according to  claim 29 , wherein the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna and the satellite radio antenna are positioned at geographically  separate locations. 
     
     
       34. A subsystem according to  claim 29 , wherein the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna comprises a plurality of terrestrial  radio antennas located at respective ones of a plurality of second geographically  distributed second terrestrial sites  locations. 
     
     
       35. A subsystem according to  claim 29 , wherein the interface converter provides unidirectional communications. 
     
     
       36. A subsystem according to  claim 29 , wherein the interface converter provides bidirectional communications. 
     
     
       37. A subsystem according to  claim 29 , comprising:
 a first low-noise  low noise amplifier coupled to the satellite radio antenna;  
 a first demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the first low noise amplifier;  
 a first modulator having an input coupled to an output of the first demodulation and regeneration unit;  
 a first power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the first modulator and an output coupled to the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna.  
 
     
     
       38. A subsystem according to  claim 37 , further comprising a first interference reducer coupled to the first demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       39. A subsystem according to  claim 37 , comprising:
 a second low noise amplifier coupled to the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna;  
 a second demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the second low noise amplifier;  
 a second modulator having an input coupled to an output of the second demodulation and regeneration unit; and  
 a second power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the second modulator and an output coupled to the satellite radio antenna.  
 
     
     
       40. A subsystem according to  claim 39 , further comprising a second interference reducer coupled to the second demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       41. A subsystem according to  claim 39 , wherein the second modulator is operative to control power of a signal transmitted from the satellite radio antenna responsive to the first demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       42. A subsystem according to claim  37    39 , wherein the first modulator is operative to control power of a signal transmitted from the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna responsive to the second demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       43. A subsystem according to  claim 29 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem further comprises:
 a lownoise  low noise amplifier coupled to the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna;  
 a demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the low noise amplifier;  
 a modulator having an input coupled to an output of the demodulation and regeneration unit; and  
 a power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the second modulator and an output coupled to the satellite radio antenna.  
 
     
     
       44. An apparatus, comprising:
 a satellite gateway operative to communicate with a communications network and to communicate via a mobile communications satellite with a terrestrial  terminal interface system that serves wireless terminals in a geographic area , wherein communication between the terrestrial  terminal interface system and the mobile communications satellite,  and communication between the terrestrial  terminal interface system and wireless terminals occurs  occur over substantially the same frequency band, and wherein the terminal interface system is operative to transfer information from a plurality of wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels.  
 
     
     
       45. An apparatus according to  claim 44 , wherein the communications network comprises a wireless communications network, and wherein the satellite gateway is configured to communicate with a base station controller of the wireless communications network. 
     
     
       46. An apparatus, comprising:
 a mobile communications satellite operative to convey terminal communications between an earth-based communications network and a terrestrial  wireless base station that communicates with wireless terminals in a geographic area , wherein communication between the terrestrial  wireless base station and the mobile communications satellite,  and communication between the wireless base station and the wireless terminals occurs  occur over substantially the same frequency band, and wherein the wireless base station is operative to transfer information from a plurality of wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels.  
 
     
     
       47. An apparatus according to  claim 46 , wherein the mobile communications satellite is further operative to communicate with wireless terminals without use of the terrestrial  wireless base station. 
     
     
       48. A method of providing communications between a communications network and a plurality of wireless terminals served by a terrestrial  base station, the method comprising: conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite, wherein communication between the terrestrial  base station and the mobile communications satellite,  and communication between the terrestrial  base station and wireless terminals served by the terrestrial  base station occurs  occur over substantially the same frequency band, wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a mobile communications satellite comprises transferring information from a plurality of wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels. 
     
     
       49. A method according to  claim 48 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite comprises:
 conveying a first radio signal from the mobile communications satellite to earth  the base station using a first radio interface; and  
 conveying a second radio signal from the first radio signal  from the terrestrial  base station to a wireless terminal using a second radio interface, the second radio signal including information from the first radio signal.  
 
     
     
       50. A method according to  claim 49 , wherein the first and second radio interfaces are the same. 
     
     
       51. A method according to  claim 48 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite comprises:
 conveying a first radio signal from a wireless terminal to the terrestrial  base station using a first radio interface; and  
 conveying a second radio signal from earth  the base station to the mobile communications satellite using a second radio interface, the second radio signal including information from the first radio signal.  
 
     
     
       52. A method according to  claim 51 , wherein the first and second radio interfaces are the same. 
     
     
       53. A method according to  claim 48 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite comprises conveying the terminal communications via a satellite antenna co-located with the terrestrial  base station. 
     
     
       54. A method according to  claim 48 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite comprises conveying terminal communications between the communications network and a plurality of terrestrial  base stations via a single satellite link . 
     
     
       55. A method according to  claim 48 , wherein the communications network comprises a wireless communications network, and wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite comprises conveying the terminal communications between the mobile communications satellite and a satellite gateway coupled to a base station controller of the wireless communications network. 
     
     
       56. A method according to  claim 48 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite comprises transferring information from a plurality of terrestrial wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels. 
     
     
       57. A method according to  claim 48 ,  A method of providing communications between a communications network and a plurality of wireless terminals served by a base station, the method comprising: conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a mobile communications satellite, wherein communication between the base station and the mobile communications satellite and communication between the base station and wireless terminals served by the base station occur over substantially the same frequency band, and 
 wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite comprises transferring information from a single satellite communication channel to a plurality of terrestrial  wireless communications channels.  
 
     
     
       58. A method according to  claim 48 , further comprising communicating between the mobile communications satellite and wireless terminals without use of a terrestrial  base station. 
     
     
       59. A method according to  claim 48 :
 wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite comprises conveying terminal communications from the terrestrial  base station to the mobile communications satellite; and  
 wherein the method further comprises conveying terminal communications from the mobile communications satellite to wireless terminals without use of a terrestrial  base station.  
 
     
     
       60. A method according to  claim 48 :
 wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite comprises conveying terminal communications from the mobile communications satellite to the terrestrial  base station; and  
 wherein the method further comprises conveying terminal communications from wireless terminals to the mobile communications satellite without use of a terrestrial  base station.  
 
     
     
       61. A method according to  claim 48 , further comprising controlling transmission power for  of signals transmitted to the mobile communications satellite responsive to signals received from the mobile communications satellite. 
     
     
       62. A method according to  claim 48 , further comprising controlling transmission power for  of signals transmitted to wireless terminals responsive to signals received from wireless terminals. 
     
     
       63. A method according to  claim 48 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite comprises:
 receiving a signal from the mobile communications satellite at an earth-based  a satellite radio antenna;  
 low-noiselow noise amplifying the received signal;  
 demodulating the amplified signal and generating a signal from the demodulated signal in a format suitable for transmission to a wireless terminal;  
 modulating the demodulated and regenerated signal;  
 amplifying the modulated signal; and  
 transmitting the amplified signal from a terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna to a wireless terminal.  
 
     
     
       64. A method according to  claim 48 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite comprises:
 receiving a radio signal from a wireless terminal at the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna;  
 low noise amplifying the received radio signal;  
 demodulating the amplified radio signal and generating a signal from the demodulated signal in a format suitable for transmission to the mobile communications satellite;  
 modulating the generated signal;  
 amplifying the modulated signal; and  
 transmitting the amplified signal from an earth-based  a satellite radio antenna.  
 
     
     
       65. An apparatus for providing communications between a communications network and a plurality of wireless terminals served by a terrestrial  base station, the apparatus comprising:
 means for conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite using a first radio interface; and  
 means for conveying the terminal communications between the terrestrial  base station and wireless terminals using a second radio interface, wherein at least part of the  terminal communications occurs  between the communications network and the base station via the mobile communications satellite and communications between the base station and wireless terminals occur over substantially the same frequency band,  
   wherein the means for conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a mobile communications satellite using a first radio interface comprises means for conveying terminal communications between the communications network and a plurality of base stations, and    
   wherein the means for conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a mobile communications satellite using a first radio interface comprises means for transferring information from a plurality of wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels .  
 
     
     
       66. An apparatus according to  claim 65 , wherein the means for conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite using a first radio interface comprises means for conveying terminal communications between the communications network and a plurality of terrestrial base stations via a single satellite link. 
     
     
       67. An apparatus according to  claim 66 , wherein the means for conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite using a first radio interface comprises means for transferring information from a plurality of terrestrial wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels. 
     
     
       68. An apparatus according to  claim 65 ,  An apparatus for providing communications between a communications network and a plurality of wireless terminals served by a base station, the apparatus comprising:
   means for conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a mobile communications satellite using a first radio interface; and    
   means for conveying the terminal communications between the base station and wireless terminals using a second radio interface, wherein terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via the mobile communications satellite and communications between the base station and wireless terminals occur over substantially the same frequency band, and    
 wherein the means for conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial  base station via a mobile communications satellite using a first radio interface comprises means for transferring information from a single satellite communication channel to a plurality of terrestrial  wireless communications channels.  
 
     
     
       69. An apparatus according to  claim 65 , further comprising means for communicating between the mobile communications satellite and wireless terminals without use of a terrestrial  base station. 
     
     
       70. A wireless communications system, comprising:
 a satellite gateway coupled to a communications network and operative to communicate with a mobile communications satellite; and  
 a terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem operative to communicate with the satellite gateway via the mobile communications satellite using a first radio interface and to communicate with wireless terminals over a geographic area  using a second radio interface,  
 wherein the mobile communications satellite is operative to receive information intended for wireless terminals from the satellite gateway and to convey the received information to the wireless terminals without use of the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem; and  
 wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem is operative to receive information from wireless terminals and to convey the received information to the communications network without use of the mobile communications satellite,  
   wherein the terminal interface subsystem comprises an interface converter operative to convert between the first and second radio interfaces, and    
   wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a plurality of wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels .  
 
     
     
       71. A system according to  claim 70 , wherein the first and second radio interfaces are different. 
     
     
       72. A system according to  claim 70 , wherein the first and second radio interfaces are the same. 
     
     
       73. A system according to  claim 70 , further comprising the mobile communications satellite. 
     
     
       74. A system according to  claim 70 , wherein the communications network comprises a wireless communications network, and wherein the satellite gateway is configured to communicate with a base station controller of the wireless communications network. 
     
     
       75. A system according to  claim 70 , wherein the terrestrial terminal interface subsystem comprises an interface converter operative to convert between the first and second radio interfaces. 
     
     
       76. A system according to  claim 75 , wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a plurality of terrestrial wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels. 
     
     
       77. A system according to  claim 75 ,  A wireless communications system, comprising:
   a satellite gateway coupled to a communications network and operative to communicate with a mobile communications satellite; and    
   a terminal interface subsystem operative to communicate with the satellite gateway via the mobile communications satellite using a first radio interface and to communicate with wireless terminals using a second radio interface,    
   wherein the mobile communications satellite is operative to receive information intended for wireless terminals from the satellite gateway and to convey the received information to the wireless terminals without use of the terminal interface subsystem; and    
   wherein the terminal interface subsystem is operative to receive information from wireless terminals and to convey the received information to the communications network without use of the mobile communications satellite,    
   wherein the terminal interface subsystem comprises an interface converter operative to convert between the first and second radio interfaces; and    
 wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a single satellite communication  communications channel to a plurality of terrestrial  wireless communications channels.  
 
     
     
       78. A system according to claim  75    70 , wherein the interface converter provides unidirectional communications. 
     
     
       79. A system according to claim  75    70 , wherein the interface converter provides bidirectional communications. 
     
     
       80. A system according to  claim 70 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem includes a satellite radio antenna and a terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna co-located at a single terrestrial  base station. 
     
     
       81. A system according to  claim 70 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem includes a satellite radio antenna and a terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna located at geographically  separate sites  locations. 
     
     
       82. A system according to  claim 70 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem comprises a plurality of terrestrial  base stations located at respective ones of a plurality of geographically  distributed sites  locations. 
     
     
       83. A system according to  claim 70 , wherein the mobile communications satellite is further operative to communicate with terrestrial  terminals without use of the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem. 
     
     
       84. A system according to  claim 70 :
 wherein the mobile communications satellite is operative to receive information from wireless terminals without use of the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem and to convey the received information to the satellite gateway; and  
 wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem is operative receive information intended for wireless terminals from the mobile communications satellite and to convey the received information to terrestrial  wireless terminals.  
 
     
     
       85. A system according to  claim 70 ,
 wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem is operative to receive information intended for wireless terminals from the mobile communications satellite and to convey the received information to terrestrial  wireless terminals; and  
 wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem is operative to receive information from wireless terminals and to convey the received information to the communications network without use of the mobile communications satellite.  
 
     
     
       86. A system according to  claim 70 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem is operative to control transmission power for  of signals transmitted to the mobile communications satellite responsive to signals received from the mobile communications satellite. 
     
     
       87. A system according to  claim 70 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem is operative to control transmission power for  of signals transmitted to wireless terminals responsive to signals received from wireless terminals. 
     
     
       88. A system according to  claim 70 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem comprises:
 a satellite radio antenna;  
 first low-noise  low noise amplifier coupled to the satellite radio antenna;  
 a first demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the first low noise amplifier;  
 a first modulator having an input coupled to an output of the first demodulation and regeneration unit;  
 a first power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the first modulator; and  
 a terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna coupled to the output of the first power amplifier.  
 
     
     
       89. A system according to  claim 88 , further comprising a first interference reducer coupled to the first demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       90. A system according to  claim 88 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem further comprises:
 a second low noise amplifier coupled to the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna;  
 a second demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the second low noise amplifier;  
 a second modulator having an input coupled to an output of the second demodulation and regeneration unit; and  
 a second power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the second modulator and an output coupled to the satellite radio antenna.  
 
     
     
       91. A system according to  claim 90 , further comprising a second interference reducer coupled to the second demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       92. A system according to  claim 90 , wherein the second modulator is operative to control power of a signal transmitted from the satellite radio antenna responsive to the first demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       93. A system according to  claim 90 , wherein the first modulator is operative to control power of a signal transmitted from the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna responsive to the second demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       94. A system according to  claim 70 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem comprises:
 a terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna;  
 a low noise amplifier coupled to the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna;  
 a demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the low noise amplifier;  
 a modulator having an input coupled to an output of the demodulation and regeneration unit;  
 a power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the modulator; and  
 a satellite radio antenna coupled to an output of the power amplifier.  
 
     
     
       95. A system according to  claim 70 , further comprising a wireless terminal. 
     
     
       96. A terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem for a wireless communications system, the subsystem comprising:
 a satellite radio antenna;  
 a terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna;  
 an interface converter operative to communicate with a mobile communications satellite via the satellite radio antenna using a first radio interface and to communicate with wireless terminals over a geographic area  via the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna using a second radio interface;  
 a first low-noise  low noise amplifier coupled to the satellite radio antenna;  
 a first demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the first low noise amplifier;  
 a first modulator having an input coupled to an output of the first demodulation and regeneration unit; and  
 a first power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the first modulator and an output coupled to the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna,  
   wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a single satellite communications channel to a plurality of wireless terminal communications channels .  
 
     
     
       97. A subsystem according to  claim 96 ,  A terminal interface subsystem for a wireless communications system, the subsystem comprising:
   a satellite radio antenna;    
   a wireless communications radio antenna;    
   an interface converter operative to communicate with a mobile communications satellite via the satellite radio antenna using a first radio interface and to communicate with wireless terminals via the wireless communications radio antenna using a second radio interface;    
   a first low noise amplifier coupled to the satellite radio antenna;    
   a first demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the first low noise amplifier;    
   a first modulator having an input coupled to an output of the first demodulation and regeneration unit; and    
   a first power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the first modulator and an output coupled to the wireless communications radio antenna,   
 wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a plurality of terrestrial  wireless terminal communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels.  
 
     
     
       98. A subsystem according to  claim 96 , wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a single satellite communication channel to a plurality of terrestrial wireless communications channels. 
     
     
       99. A subsystem according to  claim 96 , wherein the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna, the satellite radio antenna, and the interface converter are co-located at a single terrestrial  base station. 
     
     
       100. A subsystem according to  claim 96 , wherein the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna and the satellite radio antenna are positioned at geographically  separate locations. 
     
     
       101. A subsystem according to  claim 96 , wherein the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna comprises a plurality of terrestrial  radio antennas located at respective ones of a plurality of second geographically  distributed second terrestrial sites  locations. 
     
     
       102. A subsystem according to  claim 96 , wherein the interface converter provides unidirectional communications. 
     
     
       103. A subsystem according to  claim 96 , wherein the interface converter provides bidirectional communications. 
     
     
       104. A subsystem according to  claim 96 , further comprising a first interference reducer coupled to the first demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       105. A subsystem according to  claim 96 , comprising:
 a second low noise amplifier coupled to the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna;  
 a second demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the second low noise amplifier;  
 a second modulator having an input coupled to an output of the second demodulation and regeneration unit; and  
 a second power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the second modulator and an output coupled to the satellite radio antenna.  
 
     
     
       106. A subsystem according to  claim 105 , further comprising a second interference reducer coupled to the second demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       107. A subsystem according to  claim 105 , wherein the second modulator is operative to control power of a signal transmitted from the satellite radio antenna responsive to the first demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       108. A subsystem according to  claim 99 , wherein the first modulator is operative to control power of a signal transmitted from the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna responsive to the second demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       109. A subsystem according to  claim 96 , wherein the terrestrial  terminal interface subsystem further comprises:
 a low noise amplifier coupled to the terrestrial  wireless communications radio antenna;  
 a demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the low noise amplifier;  
 a modulator having an input coupled to an output of the demodulation and regeneration unit; and  
 a power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the second modulator and an output coupled to the satellite radio antenna.  
 
     
     
       110. A method of providing communications between a communications network and a plurality of wireless terminals served by a terrestrial base station, the method comprising:
 conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite,    wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite comprises:    receiving a signal from the communications satellite at an earth-based satellite radio antenna;    low-noise amplifying the received signal;    demodulating the amplified signal and generating a signal from the demodulated signal in a format suitable for transmission to a wireless terminal;    modulating the demodulated and regenerated signal;    amplifying the modulated signal; and    transmitting the amplified signal from a terrestrial radio antenna to a wireless terminal.    
     
     
       111. A method according to  claim 110 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite comprises:
 conveying a first radio signal from the communications satellite to earth using a first radio interface; and    conveying a second radio signal from the first radio signal from the terrestrial base station to a wireless terminal using a second radio interface, the second radio signal including information from the first radio signal.    
     
     
       112. A method according to  claim 111 , wherein the first and second radio interfaces are the same. 
     
     
       113. A method according to  claim 110 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite comprises:
 conveying a first radio signal from a wireless terminal to the terrestrial base station using a first radio interface; and    conveying a second radio signal from earth to the communications satellite using a second radio interface, the second radio signal including information from the first radio signal.    
     
     
       114. A method according to  claim 113 , wherein the first and second radio interfaces are the same. 
     
     
       115. A method according to  claim 110 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite comprises conveying the terminal communications via a satellite antenna co-located with the terrestrial base station. 
     
     
       116. A method according to  claim 110 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite comprises conveying terminal communications between the communications network and a plurality of terrestrial base stations via a single satellite link. 
     
     
       117. A method according to  claim 110 , wherein the communications network comprises a wireless communications network, and wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite comprises conveying the terminal communications between the communications satellite and a satellite gateway coupled to a base station controller of the wireless communications network. 
     
     
       118. A method according to  claim 110 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite comprises transferring information from a plurality of terrestrial wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels. 
     
     
       119. A method according to  claim 110 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite comprises transferring information from a single satellite communication channel to a plurality of terrestrial wireless communications channels. 
     
     
       120. A method according to  claim 110 , further comprising communicating between the communications satellite and wireless terminals without use of a terrestrial base station. 
     
     
       121. A method according to  claim 110 :
 wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite comprises conveying terminal communications from the terrestrial base station to the communications satellite;and    wherein the method further comprises conveying terminal communications from the communications satellite to wireless terminals without use of a terrestrial base station.    
     
     
       122. A method according to  claim 110 :
 wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite comprises conveying terminal communications from the communications satellite to the terrestrial base station; and    wherein the method further comprises conveying terminal communications from wireless terminals to the communications satellite without use of a terrestrial base station.    
     
     
       123. A method according to  claim 110 , further comprising controlling transmission power for signals transmitted to the communications satellite responsive to signals received from the communications satellite. 
     
     
       124. A method according to  claim 110 , further comprising controlling transmission power for signals transmitted to wireless terminals responsive to signals received from wireless terminals. 
     
     
       125. A method according to  claim 110 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the terrestrial base station via a communications satellite comprises:
 receiving a radio signal from a wireless terminal at the terrestrial radio antenna;    low noise amplifying the received radio signal;    demodulating the amplified radio signal and generating a signal from the demodulated signal in a format suitable for transmission to the communications satellite;    modulating the generated signal;    amplifying the modulated signal; and    transmitting the amplified signal from an earth-based satellite radio antenna.    
     
     
       126. A terminal interface subsystem comprising:
   a satellite radio antenna;        a wireless communications radio antenna; and        an interface converter operative to communicate with at least one satellite via the satellite radio antenna using frequencies of a predetermined frequency band and to communicate with wireless terminals via the wireless communications radio antenna using frequencies of the predetermined frequency band, wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a single satellite communications channel to a plurality of wireless communications channels and wherein the predetermined frequency band is a mobile satellite frequency band.     
     
     
       127. A terminal interface subsystem comprising:
   a satellite radio antenna;        a wireless communications radio antenna; and        an interface converter operative to communicate with at least one satellite via the satellite radio antenna using frequencies of a predetermined frequency band and to communicate with wireless terminals via the wireless communications radio antenna using frequencies of the predetermined frequency band, wherein the interface converter is operative to transfer information from a plurality of wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels and wherein the predetermined frequency band is a mobile satellite frequency band.     
     
     
       128. A terminal interface subsystem according to  claim 127 , wherein the wireless communications radio antenna and the satellite radio antenna are substantially co- located.   
     
     
       129. A terminal interface subsystem according to  claim 127 , wherein the wireless communications radio antenna and the satellite radio antenna are located at substantially separate locations. 
     
     
       130. A terminal interface subsystem according to  claim 127 , wherein the wireless communications radio antenna comprises a plurality of wireless communications radio antennas. 
     
     
       131. A terminal interface subsystem according to  claim 127 , wherein the interface converter provides unidirectional communications. 
     
     
       132. A terminal interface subsystem according to  claim 127 , wherein the interface converter provides bidirectional communications. 
     
     
       133. A terminal interface subsystem according to  claim 127 , further comprising:
   a first low noise amplifier coupled to the satellite radio antenna;        a first demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the first low noise amplifier;        a first modulator having an input coupled to an output of the first demodulation and regeneration unit; and        a first power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the first modulator and an output coupled to the wireless communications radio antenna.     
     
     
       134. A terminal interface subsystem according to  claim 133 , further comprising a first interference reducer coupled to the first demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       135. A terminal interface subsystem according to  claim 133 , further comprising:
   a second low noise amplifier coupled to the wireless communications radio antenna;        a second demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the second low noise amplifier;        a second modulator having an input coupled to an output of the second demodulation and regeneration unit; and        a second power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the second modulator and an output coupled to the satellite radio antenna.     
     
     
       136. A terminal interface subsystem according to  claim 135 , further comprising a second interference reducer coupled to the second demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       137. A terminal interface subsystem according to  claim 135 , wherein the second modulator is operative to control power of a signal transmitted from the satellite radio antenna responsive to the first demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       138. A terminal interface subsystem according to  claim 133 , wherein the first modulator is operative to control power of a signal transmitted from the wireless communications radio antenna responsive to the second demodulation and regeneration unit. 
     
     
       139. A terminal interface subsystem according to  claim 127 , further comprising:
   a low noise amplifier coupled to the wireless communications radio antenna;        a demodulation and regeneration unit having an input coupled to an output of the low noise amplifier;        a modulator having an input coupled to an output of the demodulation and regeneration unit; and        a power amplifier having an input coupled to an output of the modulator and an output coupled to the satellite radio antenna.     
     
     
       140. A method of providing communications between a communications network and a plurality of wireless terminals served by a base station, the method comprising:
   conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a communications satellite,        wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a communications satellite comprises:        receiving a signal from the communications satellite at a satellite radio antenna;        low - noise amplifying the received signal;        demodulating the amplified signal and regenerating the demodulated signal to recover a bitstream or other datastream in a format suitable for modulation and transmission to a wireless terminal;        modulating the bitstream or datastream;        amplifying the modulated signal; and        transmitting the amplified signal from a wireless communications radio antenna to a wireless terminal.     
     
     
       141. A method according to  claim 140 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a communications satellite comprises:
   conveying a first radio signal from the communications satellite to the base station using a first radio interface; and        conveying a second radio signal from the first radio signal from the base station to a wireless terminal using a second radio interface, the second radio signal including information from the first radio signal.     
     
     
       142. A method according to  claim 141 , wherein the first and second radio interfaces are the same. 
     
     
       143. A method according to  claim 140 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a communications satellite comprises:
   conveying a first radio signal from a wireless terminal to the base station using a first radio interface; and        conveying a second radio signal from the base station to the communications satellite using a second radio interface, the second radio signal including information from the first radio signal.     
     
     
       144. A method according to  claim 143 , wherein the first and second radio interfaces are the same. 
     
     
       145. A method according to  claim 140 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a communications satellite comprises conveying the terminal communications via a satellite antenna co- located with the base station.   
     
     
       146. A method according to  claim 140 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a communications satellite comprises conveying terminal communications between the communications network and a plurality of base stations. 
     
     
       147. A method according to  claim 140 , wherein the communications network comprises a wireless communications network, and wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a communications satellite comprises conveying the terminal communications between the communications satellite and a satellite gateway coupled to a base station controller of the wireless communications network. 
     
     
       148. A method according to  claim 140 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a communications satellite comprises transferring information from a plurality of wireless communications channels to a lesser number of satellite communications channels. 
     
     
       149. A method according to  claim 140 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a communications satellite comprises transferring information from a single satellite communication channel to a plurality of wireless communications channels. 
     
     
       150. A method according to  claim 140 , further comprising controlling transmission power for signals transmitted to the communications satellite responsive to signals received from the communications satellite. 
     
     
       151. A method according to  claim 140 , further comprising controlling transmission power for signals transmitted to wireless terminals responsive to signals received from wireless terminals. 
     
     
       152. A method according to  claim 140 , wherein conveying terminal communications between the communications network and the base station via a communications satellite comprises:
   receiving a radio signal from a wireless terminal at the wireless communications radio antenna;        low noise amplifying the received radio signal;        demodulating the amplified radio signal and regenerating the demodulated signal to recover a bitstream or other datastream in a format suitable for modulation and transmission to the communications satellite;        modulating the bitstream or datastream;        amplifying the modulated signal; and        transmitting the amplified signal from the satellite radio antenna.