Apparatus and method for making uniformly sized and shaped spheres

Abstract

Uniform sized and shaped spheres are formed by applying a minute periodic disturbance to a low viscosity liquid material. Pressure forces the material through at least one orifice in a crucible as a steady laminar stream. The stream enters an enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment which contains at least one heat transfer medium. A charging means is applied to the stream as the stream exits the crucible and breaks into a plurality of spheres to deflect the spheres as they pass through an electric field. The enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment cools and substantially solidifies the spheres.

1. A method for forming and solidifying uniform sized and shaped solid spheres comprising the steps of:
 providing a supply of a low viscosity liquid material in a crucible,  
 applying a minute periodic disturbance to the low viscosity liquid material in the crucible,  
 applying a pressure to the low viscosity liquid material, the pressure forcing the material through at least one orifice in the crucible as a steady laminar stream, the stream of the material exiting into an enclosed controlled low temperature solidification environment having a temperature of less than about 0° C., the enclosed controlled low temperature solidification environment containing at least one a first heat transfer medium and a second heat transfer medium, the first heat transfer medium and the second heat transfer medium forming a heat gradient within the enclosed controlled low temperature solidification environment;  
 applying a charge tobreaking the stream of material as the stream exits the orifice and breaks up into a plurality of uniform sized and shaped liquid spheres, and  
 passing the charged liquid spheres through an electric field to deflect the liquid spheres, and 
 allowing the liquid spheres to pass through the first heat transfer medium and the second heat transfer medium in the enclosed controlled low temperature solidification environment to cool and solidify into the uniform sized and shaped solid spheres.  
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , in which the enclosed con-trolled controlled temperature solidification environment includes a first, or gaseous environment through which the charged spheres are passed, the first, or gaseous environment containing the first heat transfer medium which comprises a spray of cooling fluid, liquefied gas or halo-carbon which evaporates in the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment and which absorbs the heat of fusion from the spheres. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 2 , in which the enclosed con-trolled controlled temperature solidification environment includes a second, or liquid environment through which the spheres pass after passing through the first, or gaseous environment; , the second, or liquid environment containing a the second heat transfer medium which comprises a supply of a liquid material. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 3 , comprising passing the spheres through the second, or liquid environment to remove heat from the spheres and to cushion the spheres before the spheres contact a bottom of the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment. 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 3 , comprising varying a distance defined between a point at which the stream breaks into the spheres and a point at which the spheres contact the second or liquid environment. 
     
     
       6. The method of  claim 1 , further including the step of visually monitoring the stream of low viscosity liquid material as the stream breaks into spheres to provide information on the diameter and shape of the spheres and the stability of the stream. 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 1 , comprising collecting the solidification spheres in a funnel-shaped bottom of the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment. 
     
     
       8. The method of  claim 1 , in which the solid spheres have a diameter ranging from about 12 to about 1000 microns. 
     
     
       9. The method of  claim 1 , in which the spheres pass through the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment for about 0.5 to about 1.5 seconds prior to contacting a bottom of the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment. 
     
     
       10. The method of  claim 1 , comprising applying the minute periodic disturbance to the low viscosity liquid material by a piezoelectric actuator. 
     
     
       11. The method of  claim 10 , in which the piezoelectric actuator comprises a stack of piezoelectric crystals mounted on a top portion of the crucible. 
     
     
       12. The method of  claim 1 , comprising applying the minute periodic disturbance to the low viscosity liquid material by an electromechanical transducer mounted on a top portion of the crucible. 
     
     
       13. The method of  claim 1 , comprising applying the minute periodic disturbance with a nozzle that has a fixed aspect ratio defining the orifice. 
     
     
       14. The method of  claim 1 , comprising applying a substantially constant positive pressure to the low viscosity liquid material to force the low viscosity liquid material out through the orifice in a steady laminar stream. 
     
     
       15. The method of claim  1   29 , in which the deflection means comprises two spatially separated surfaces and comprising generating the electrical electric field between the two surfaces to deflect the descending liquid spheres. 
     
     
       16. A method for forming uniform sized and shaped spheres comprising the steps of:
 providing a supply of a low viscosity liquid material in a crucible,  
 applying a minute periodic disturbance to the low viscosity liquid material in the crucible,  
 applying a pressure to the low viscosity liquid material, the pressure forcing the material through at least one orifice in the crucible as a steady laminar stream, the stream of the material exiting into an enclosed con-trolled controlled temperature solidification environment;  
 applying a charge tobreaking the stream of material as the stream exits the orifice and breaks up into a plurality of uniform sized and shaped liquid spheres; and 
 passing the charged liquid spheres through an electric field to deflect liquid the spheres; and 
 allowing the spheres to pass through first and second media in an enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment to cool and solidify the spheres;  
 the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment including a first, or gaseous environment through which the charged spheres are passed, the first, or gaseous environment containing the first medium which comprises a spray of cooling fluid, liquefied gas or halo-carbon, the first medium evaporating in the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment and absorbing the heat of fusion from the spheres;  
 the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment also including a second, or liquid environment through which the spheres pass after passing through the first, gaseous environment, the second, or liquid environment containing the second medium which comprises a supply of a liquid material, the second medium cushioning the spheres before the spheres contact a bottom of the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment.  
 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 16 , further including the step of visually monitoring the stream of low viscosity liquid material as the stream breaks into spheres to provide information on the diameter and shape of the spheres and the stability of the stream. 
     
     
       18. The method of  claim 16 , comprising collecting the solidified spheres in a funnel-shaped bottom of the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment. 
     
     
       19. The method of  claim 16 , in which the spheres have a diameter ranging from about 12 to about 1000 microns. 
     
     
       20. The method of  claim 16 , in which the spheres pass through the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment for about 0.5 to about 1.5 seconds prior to contacting a bottom of the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment. 
     
     
       21. The method of  claim 16 , in which the enclosed low temperature solidification environment is at a temperature of less than about 0° C. 
     
     
       22. The method of  claim 16 , comprising varying a distance defined between a point at which the stream breaks into the spheres and a point at which the spheres contact the second, liquid environment. 
     
     
       23. The method of  claim 16 , comprising applying the minute periodic disturbance to the low viscosity liquid material by a piezoelectric actuator. 
     
     
       24. The method of  claim 23 , in which the piezoelectric actuator comprises a stack of piezoelectric crystals mounted on a top portion of the crucible. 
     
     
       25. The method of  claim 16 , comprising applying the minute periodic disturbance to the low viscosity liquid material by an electromechanical transducer mounted on a top portion of the crucible. 
     
     
       26. The method of  claim 16 , comprising applying the minute periodic disturbance with a nozzle that has a fixed aspect ratio defining the orifice. 
     
     
       27. The method of  claim 16 , comprising applying a substantially constant positive pressure to the low viscosity liquid material to force the low viscosity liquid material out through the orifice in a steady laminar stream. 
     
     
       28. The method of  claim 16 , in which the deflection means comprises two spatially separated surfaces and comprising generating the electrical field between the two surfaces to deflect the descending spheres. 
     
     
       29. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising steps of:
   applying a charge to the stream of material as the stream exits the orifice; and        passing liquid spheres to which the charge has been applied through an electric field to deflect the charged liquid spheres.     
     
     
       30. The method of  claim 16 , further comprising steps of:
   applying a charge to the stream of material as the stream exits the orifice; and        passing liquid spheres to which the charge has been applied through an electric field to deflect the charged liquid spheres.     
     
     
       31. A method for forming and solidifying uniform sized and shaped solid spheres comprising the steps of:
   applying a pressure to low viscosity liquid material contained in a crucible, the pressure forcing the material through at least one orifice in the crucible as a steady laminar stream, the stream of the material exiting into an enclosed controlled low temperature solidification environment having a temperature of less than about  0 ° C., the enclosed controlled low temperature solidification environment containing at least a first heat transfer medium and a second heat transfer medium, the first heat transfer medium and the second heat transfer medium forming a heat gradient within the enclosed controlled low temperature solidification environment; and        allowing the liquid material to pass through the first heat transfer medium and the second heat transfer medium in the enclosed controlled low temperature solidification environment to cool and solidify into the uniform sized and shaped solid spheres.     
     
     
       32. A method for forming and solidifying uniform sized and shaped solid spheres, the method comprising:
   providing a supply of a low viscosity liquid material in a crucible,        applying a minute periodic disturbance to the low viscosity liquid material in the crucible,        applying a pressure to the low viscosity liquid material, the pressure forcing the material through at least one orifice in the crucible as a steady laminar stream, the stream of the material exiting into an enclosed controlled low temperature solidification environment having a temperature of less than about  0 ° C., the enclosed controlled low temperature solidification environment having a top portion and a bottom portion containing at least one heat transfer medium provided to the top portion of the temperature solidification environment at a first temperature and provided to the bottom portion of the temperature solidification environment at a second temperature to establish a heat gradient within the enclosed controlled low temperature solidification environment;        breaking the stream of material up into a plurality of uniform sized and shaped liquid spheres, and        allowing the liquid spheres to pass through the heat transfer medium in the top portion and the bottom portion of the enclosed controlled low temperature solidification environment to cool and solidify into the uniform sized and shaped solid spheres.     
     
     
       33. The method of  claim 32  wherein forming the heat gradient includes the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment including a first or gaseous environment containing the first heat transfer medium at a temperature of a first desired value through which the liquid spheres pass. 
     
     
       34. The method of  claim 33  wherein the first heat transfer medium includes a spray of cooling fluid, liquefied gas or halo- carbon which evaporates in the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment and which absorbs the heat of fusion from the liquid spheres.   
     
     
       35. The method of  claim 33  wherein forming the heat gradient further includes the enclosed controlled temperature solidification environment including a second or liquid environment containing a second heat transfer medium at a temperature of a second desired value through which the liquid spheres pass after passing through the first or gaseous environment. 
     
     
       36. The method of  claim 35  wherein the second heat transfer medium includes a supply of liquid material which removes heat from the spheres and which cushions the spheres before the spheres contact a bottom of the enclosed controlled temperature environment. 
     
     
       37. The method of  claim 32 , wherein the at least one heat transfer medium includes one of a cooling fluid, a liquefied gas and a liquid halo- carbon.   
     
     
       38. The method of  claim 37 , wherein the at least one heat transfer medium in the first portion of the temperature solidification environment absorbs heat of fusion from the liquid spheres. 
     
     
       39. The method of  claim 32 , wherein the bottom portion of the temperature solidification environment includes a second heat transfer medium. 
     
     
       40. The method of  claim 39 , wherein the second heat transfer medium includes a supply of a liquid material which removes heat from the spheres.