Optical isolator

Abstract

An improved optical isolator of the type having an input optical fiber, a first GRIN lens, a first polarizer, a optical rotator, a second polarizer, a second GRIN lens and an output optical fiber. Lithium niobate birefringent crystals are used for lowered costs and high performance. Improvements also include polishing the end of the input optical fiber at a slant and covering the end with a window coated with antireflection material. The surface of the GRIN lens facing the end of the input optical fiber is slant-polished reciprocally and spaced apart with gap which avoids Fabry-Perot interference.

What is claimed is: 
     
       1. In an improved optical isolator for optical fibers having a first sleeve for holding a first optical fiber, a first GRIN lens, a first polarizer, an optical Faraday rotator, a second polarizer, a second GRIN lens and a second sleeve for holding a second optical fiber, the improvement wherein at least one of said polarizers comprises a birefringent crystal of lithium niobate. 
     
     
       2. The improved optical isolator as in claim 1 wherein said first and second polarizers comprise birefringent crystals of lithium niobate. 
     
     
       3. The improved optical isolator as in claim 2 further having a third polarizer, a second optical Faraday rotator, and a fourth polarizer between said second polarizer and said second GRIN lens, wherein said third and fourth polarizers comprise birefringent crystals of lithium niobate. 
     
     
       4. In an improved optical isolator having at least one birefringent crystal polarizing element, the improvement comprising a lithium niobate crystal as said polarizing element. 
     
     
       5. In an improved optical isolator for optical fibers having a first sleeve for holding a first optical fiber, a first GRIN lens, a first polarizer, a optical rotator, a second polarizer, a second GRIN lens and a second sleeve for holding a second optical fiber, the improvement comprising said first sleeve and said first optical fiber having parallel longitudinal axes and coplanar end surfaces, said end surfaces at a slant with respect to a plane perpendicular to said longitudinal axes;   said first GRIN lens having a longitudinal axis coincident with said longitudinal axis of said first optical fiber and having a surface facing said first sleeve and first optical fiber, said surface at a reciprocal slant with respect to said GRIN lens longitudinal axis so that said surface is parallel with said end surfaces; and   at least one of said GRIN lenses having a length of 0.23 pitch.   
     
     
       6. The improved optical isolator as in claim 5 further comprising a window mounted to said end surfaces and covering said end surface of said first optical fiber, said window coated with antireflection material. 
     
     
       7. The improved optical isolator as in claim 5 wherein said first GRIN lens surface is displaced from said end surfaces by a predetermined gap so that Fabry-Perot interference is minimized. 
     
     
       8. The improved optical isolator as in claim 7 wherein said gap is greater than 0.05 min. 
     
     
       9. The improved optical isolator as in claim 5 wherein said end surfaces are slanted with respect to said plane perpendicular to said longitudinal axes at an angle in the range of 8° to 12°. 
     
     
       10. The improved optical isolator as in claim 5 wherein at least one of said polarizers comprises a birefringent crystal of lithium niobate. 
     
     
       11. In an improved optical isolator for optical fibers having a first sleeve for holding a first optical fiber, a first GRIN lens, a first polarizer, an optical Faraday rotator, a second polarizer, a second GRIN lens and a second sleeve for holding a second optical fiber, the improvement comprising said first sleeve and said first optical fiber having parallel longitudinal axes and coplanar end surfaces, said end surfaces at a slant with respect to a plane perpendicular to said longitudinal axes;   a window mounted to said end surfaces and covering said end surface of said first optical fiber, said window coated with antireflection material;   said first GRIN lens having a longitudinal axis coincident with said longitudinal axis of said first optical fiber and having a surface facing said first sleeve and first optical fiber, said surface at a reciprocal slant with respect to said GRIN lens longitudinal axis so that said surface is parallel with said end surfaces, said first GRIN lens surface displaced from said end surfaces by a predetermined gap so that Fabry-Perot interference is minimized; and   at least one of said GRIN lenses having a length of 0.23 pitch.   
     
     
       12. The improved optical isolator as in claim 11 wherein said gap is greater than 0.05 mm. 
     
     
       13. The improved optical isolator as in claim 11 wherein said end surfaces are slanted with respect to said plane perpendicular to said longitudinal axes at an angle in the range of 8° to 12°. 
     
     
       14. The improved optical isolator as in claim 11 wherein at least one of said polarizers comprises a birefringent crystal of lithium niobate. 
     
     
       15. The improved optical isolator as in claim 11 further comprising said second sleeve and said second optical fiber having parallel longitudinal axes and coplanar end surfaces, said end surfaces at a slant with respect to a plane perpendicular to said longitudinal axes;   a second window mounted to said end surfaces and covering said end surface of said second optical fiber, said second window coated with antireflection material;   said second GRIN lens having a longitudinal axis coincident with said longitudinal axis of said second optical fiber and having a surface facing said second sleeve and second optical fiber, said surface at a reciprocal slant with respect to said second GRIN lens longitudinal axis so that said surface is parallel with said end surfaces, said second GRIN lens surface displaced from said end surfaces by a predetermined gap so that Fabry-Perot interference is minimized.   
     
     
       16. The improved optical isolator as in claim 15 wherein said first and second GRIN lenses have lengths of 0.23 pitch. 
     
     
       17. The improved optical isolator as in claim 15 wherein said first and second polarizers comprise birefringent crystals of lithium niobate. 
     
     
       18. The improved optical isolator as in claim 11 further having a third polarizer, a second optical Faraday rotator, and a fourth polarizer between said second polarizer and said second GRIN lens, further comprising said second sleeve and said second optical fiber having parallel longitudinal axes and coplanar end surfaces, said end surfaces at a slant with respect to a plane perpendicular to said longitudinal axes;   a second window mounted to said end surfaces and covering said end surface of said second optical fiber, said second window coated with antireflection material;   said second GRIN lens having a longitudinal axis coincident with said longitudinal axis of said second optical fiber and having a surface facing said second sleeve and second optical fiber, said surface at a reciprocal slant with respect to said second GRIN lens longitudinal axis so that said surface is parallel with said end surfaces, said second GRIN lens surface displaced from said end surfaces by a predetermined gap so that Fabry-Perot interference is minimized.   
     
     
       19. The improved optical isolator as in claim 18 wherein said first and second GRIN lenses have lengths of 0.23 pitch. 
     
     
       20. The improved optical isolator as in claim 18 wherein said first, second, third and fourth polarizers comprise birefringent crystals of lithium niobate. .Iadd. 
     
     
       21.  An optical device for collimating light comprising a sleeve having a longitudinal axis, a first end surface at a first angle with respect to said longitudinal axis, and a second end surface at a second angle with respect to said longitudinal surface, said second angle being non-perpendicular,   an optical fiber extending through said sleeve from said first surface to said second surface, said optical fiber having an end surface which is coplanar with said second end surface, and   a graded index lens having a longitudinal axis parallel to said longitudinal axis of said sleeve, said graded index lens having a first end surface and a second end surface, said first end surface of said graded index lens being spaced from and parallel with said second end surface of said sleeve. .Iaddend..Iadd.22. The optical device as defined by claim 21, wherein said optical fiber has a longitudinal axis through said sleeve which is parallel with said longitudinal axis of said sleeve and with said longitudinal axis of said graded index lens. .Iaddend..Iadd.23. The optical device as defined by claim 22 wherein the longitudinal axes are coincident. .Iaddend..Iadd.24. The optical device as defined by claim 23 and further including a first layer of antireflective material over said end surface of said optical fiber and a second layer of antireflective material over said first end surface of said graded index lens. .Iaddend..Iadd.25. The optical device as defined by claim 24 and further including a pane of glass on said end surface of said optical fiber, said first layer of antireflective material being on said pane of   
     
     
        glass. .Iaddend..Iadd.26.  The optical device as defined by claim 25 wherein said first end surface of said graded index lens is spaced from said second end surface of said sleeve by a gap to minimize Fabry-Perot interference. .Iaddend..Iadd.27. The optical device as defined by claim 26 wherein said gap is greater than 0.05 mm. .Iaddend..Iadd.28. The optical device as defined by claim 26 wherein said second end surface of said sleeve is slanted with respect to a plane perpendicular to said longitudinal axis at an angle in the range of 8° to 12°. .Iaddend..Iadd.29. The optical device as defined by claim 26 wherein said graded index lens has a length of 0.23 pitch. .Iaddend..Iadd.30. The optical device as defined by claim 21 and further including a first layer of antireflective material over said end surface of said optical fiber and a second layer of antireflective material over said first end surface of said graded index lens. .Iaddend..Iadd.31. The optical device as defined by claim 30 and further including a pane of glass on said end surface of said optical fiber, said first layer of antireflective material being on said pane of glass. .Iaddend..Iadd.32. The optical device as defined by claim 21 wherein said first end surface of said graded index lens is spaced from said second end surface of said sleeve by a gap to minimize Pabry-Perot interference. .Iaddend..Iadd.33. The optical device as defined 
     
     
        by claim 32 wherein said gap is greater than 0.05 mm. .Iaddend..Iadd.34. The optical device as defined by claim 21 wherein said second end surface of said sleeve is slanted with respect to a plane perpendicular to said longitudinal axis at an angle in the range of 8° to 12°. .Iaddend..Iadd.35. The optical device as defined by claim 21 wherein said graded index lens has a length of 0.23 pitch. .Iaddend.