Non-linear photosite response in CCD imagers

Abstract

A method of controlling the dynamic range of a CCD or similar device. The method is used in connection with a charge-coupled device or like structure of known construction having a photogate region in which charge is generated at a rate proportional to the intensity of incident electromagnetic radiation. The photogate accumulates charge during a predetermined exposure period. A sink region is disposed to receive excess charge from the photogate region, and the passage of charge from the photogate region to the sink region is controlled by a control gate of the type commonly used for integration control. A second gated region is present for receiving charge from the photogate region for transporting charge therefrom. A potential is applied to the control gate which has a magnitude causing all charge above a certain charge clipping level in the photogate region to pass to the sink region, and the magnitude of the potential is caused to vary during the exposure period according to predetermined function, which may be a non-linear function such as logarithmic. In this way the clipping level varies according to the predetermined function in real time during the exposure period. The total charge accumulated in the photogate region, limited according to the predetermined function, is then transferred to the second gated region at the end of the exposure period.

What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method of controlling the response of a charge-coupled device to incident electromagnetic radiation, said device having a first gated region for accumulating charge in response to incident electromagnetic radiation wherein said first gated region is structured and arranged to accumulate charge during a predetermined exposure period, a sink region disposed for receiving excess charge from said first gated region, a control gate for permitting passage of charge form said first gated region so said sink region, and a second gated region receiving charge from said first gated region for transporting charge therefrom, said method comprising the steps of: applying a potential to said control gate having a magnitude causing all charge above a charge clipping level in said first gated region to pass to said sink;   causing the magnitude of said potential to vary during said exposure period according to a predetermined function whereby said clipping level varies correspondingly during said exposure period; and   causing the total charge accumulated in said first gated region to be transferred to said second gated region at the end of said predetermined exposure period.   
     
     
       2. The method of claim 1 wherein said potential is caused to vary continuously over at least a portion of said exposure period. 
     
     
       3. The method of claim 2 wherein said potential is caused to vary according to a prescribed non-linear monotonic function. 
     
     
       4. The method of claim 3 wherein said non-linear monotonic function increases from a substantially zero clipping level at the onset of said exposure period. 
     
     
       5. The method of claim 4 wherein said non-linear monotonic function is proportional to   ln(1/(1-t).     where t is the elapsed time in said predetermined exposure period.   
     
     
       6. A method of controlling the response of a charge-coupled device to incident electromagnetic radiation, said device having a first gated region for generating charge at a rate proportional to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation incident thereupon wherein said first gated region is structured and arranged to accumulate charge during a predetermined exposure period, a sink region disposed for receiving excess charge from said first gated region, a control gate for permitting passage of charge from said first gated region to said sink region, and a second gated region receiving charge from said first gated region for transporting charge therefrom, said method comprising the steps of: for an incident light intensity greater than a predetermined intensity, causing charge to accumulate in said first gated region during a first portion of said predetermined exposure period at a rate specified by a predetermined non-linear function varying from a first rate representative of said predetermined intensity to a second rate representative of said incident light intensity, any excess charge being diverted to said sink region;   causing charge to accumulate in said first gated region at said second rate for the remainder of said predetermined exposure period; and   causing the total charge accumulated in said first gated region to be transferred to said second gated region at the end of said predetermined exposure period.   
     
     
       7. The method of claim 6 wherein charge is caused to be accumulated in said first gated region at a rate at varying logarithmically over time between said first and second rates. .Iadd. 
     
     
       8.  A method for controlling the response of a charge-coupled device to incident electromagnetic radiation, said device having a first gated region for accumulating charge in response to incident electromagnetic radiation, wherein said first gated region is structured and arranged to accumulate charge during an exposure period, said method comprising the steps of: applying a potential to said charge-coupled device having a magnitude preventing all charge above a charge clipping level from accumulating in said first gated region; and   causing the magnitude of said potential to vary during said exposure period according to a predetermined function whereby said clipping level varies correspondingly during said exposure period. .Iaddend. .Iadd.   
     
     
       9.  The method of claim 8 wherein said potential is caused to vary continuously over at least a portion of said exposure period. .Iaddend. .Iadd.10. The method of claim 9 wherein said potential is caused to vary according to a prescribed non-linear monotonic function. .Iaddend. .Iadd.11. The method of claim 10 wherein said non-linear monotonic function increases from a substantially zero clipping level at the onset of said exposure period. .Iaddend. .Iadd.12. The method of claim 11 wherein said non-linear monotonic function is proportional to   ln(1/(1-t)),     where t is the elapsed time in said exposure period. .Iaddend. .Iadd.13. A method of controlling the response of a charge-coupled device to incident electromagnetic radiation, said device having a first gated region for accumulating charge in response to incident electromagnetic radiation, wherein said first gated region is structured and arranged to accumulate charge during an exposure period, and a second gated region receiving charge from said first gated region for transporting charge therefrom, said method comprising the steps of:   applying a potential to said charge-coupled device having a magnitude preventing all charge above a charge clipping level from accumulating in said first gated region;   causing the magnitude of said potential to vary during said exposure period according to a predetermined function whereby said clipping level varies correspondingly during said exposure period; and   causing the total charge accumulated in said first gated region to be transferred to said second gated region at the end of said exposure   
     
     
        period. .Iadd.14.  The method of claim 13 wherein said potential is caused to vary continuously over at least a portion of said exposure period. .Iaddend. .Iadd.15. The method of claim 14 wherein said potential is caused to vary according to a prescribed non-linear monotonic function. .Iaddend. .Iadd.16. The method of claim 15 wherein said non-linear monotonic function increases from a substantially zero clipping level at the onset of said exposure period. .Iaddend. .Iadd.17. The method of claim 16 wherein said non-linear monotonic function is proportional to   ln(1/(1-t)),     where t is the elapsed time in said exposure period. .Iaddend. .Iadd.18. A charge-coupled device, comprising:   a first gated region for accumulating charge in response to incident electromagnetic radiation, wherein said first gated region is structured and arranged to accumulate charge during a predetermined exposure period, said charge not exceeding a charge clipping level, said charge clipping level varying over said exposure period according to a predetermined function;   a sink region disposed for receiving excess charge from said first gated region;   a control gate for permitting passage of charge from said first gated region to said sink region; and   a second gated region for receiving charge from said first gated region and for transporting charge therefrom. .Iaddend. .Iadd.19. The charge-coupled device of claim 18 wherein said charge clipping level varies continuously   
     
     
        over at least a portion of said exposure period. .Iaddend. .Iadd.20.  The charge-coupled device of claim 19 wherein said charge clipping level varies according to a prescribed non-linear monotonic function. .Iaddend. .Iadd.21. The charge-coupled device of claim 10 where in said non-linear monotonic function increases from a substantially zero clipping level at the onset of said exposure period. .Iaddend. .Iadd.22. The charge-coupled device of claim 21 wherein said non-linear monotonic function is proportional to   ln(1/(1-t)),     where t is the elapsed time in said exposure period. .Iaddend. .Iadd.23. A charge-coupled device, comprising:   a first gated region for generating charge in response to incident electromagnetic radiation, wherein for an incident light intensity greater than a first light intensity said first gated region generates charge at a rate specified by a predetermined non-linear function varying from a first rate representative of said first intensity to a second rate representative of said incident light intensity during a first portion of an exposure period, and wherein said first gated region generates charge at said second rate for the remainder of said exposure period;   a sink region disposed for receiving excess charge from said first gated region;   a control gate for permitting passage of charge from said first gated region to said sink region; and   a second gated region for receiving and transporting charge from said first gated region. .Iaddend. .Iadd.24. The charge-coupled device of claim 23, wherein said first gated region generates charge at a rate varying logarithmically over time between said first and second rates. .Iaddend.