Process for decontaminating radioactively contaminated metal or cement-containing materials

Abstract

Contaminated surface layers are decontaminated by treatment with an aqueous fluorine base-containing decontamination solution. The aqueous decontamination solution contains 0.05 to 50 Mol of decontamination agent per liter, and the decontamination agent preferably comprises at least one substance from the group.Iadd.: .Iaddend..[.colon.]. hexafluorosilicate acid, fluoroboric acid, and the salts of both of these. The decontamination solution produces the required high decontamination factors on metallic substances and brickworks as well. The used decontamination solution can, after regeneration, be recycled into the decontamination process. Release of decontaminated material by dissolution of the surface layer of the decontaminated objects provides decontamination of objects having complicated and hard-to-measure geometries. The decontamination agent (HBF 4 -acid) is advantageously produced from contaminated boric acid from pressurized water reactor wastes by reaction with fluoride or hydrofluoric acid. The HBF 4 -acid thus produced is, through distillation, separated from the contaminants and impurities.

I claim: 
     
       1. A process for decontaminating radioactively contaminated porous materials using a decontamination agent selected from the group consisting of fluoroboric acid; hexafluorosilicate acid; water soluble salts of fluoroboric acid; and mixtures thereof in aqueous solution, said decontamination agent having a concentration of about 0.05 to about 50 mol/liter in said solution, said process comprising contacting said radioactively contaminated porous materials to be decontaminated with said decontamination agent; .Iadd.and .Iaddend.dissolving surface layers of said radioactively contaminated porous materials by said contacting with said decontamination agent.[.; and separating said decontamination agent from radioactive contaminants and impurities by distillation.].. 
     
     
       2. A process in accordance with claim 1, wherein said porous materials are selected from the group consisting of .Iadd.metallic-containing materials, .Iaddend.concrete-containing materials and brick-containing materials. 
     
     
       3. A process in accordance with claim 1, wherein said surface layers of said radioactively contaminated porous materials are dissolved by immersing said radioactively contaminated porous materials in said decontamination agent, and .[.conditioning for removal.]. a sump comprising said radioactive contaminants and impurities obtained after said separation from said decontamination agent by said distillation .Iadd.is transferred to a vessel for conditioning.Iaddend.. 
     
     
       4. A process in accordance with claim 3, wherein said conditioning of said sump comprises neutralizing, drying and depositing with potassium hydroxide. 
     
     
       5. A process in accordance with claim 3, wherein said conditioning of said sump comprises neutralizing with potassium hydroxide, and then solidifying with at least one of cement and bitumen. 
     
     
       6. A process in accordance with claim 3, additionally comprising separating dissolved radioactively contaminated material from said decontamination agent during said dissolving of said surface layers; and recycling said separated decontamination agent to said decontamination process .[.after said distillation.].. 
     
     
       7. A process in accordance with claim 3, wherein said radioactive contaminants and impurities are separated by chemical precipitation with hydroxides. 
     
     
       8. A process in accordance with claim 3, wherein solid secondary reaction products produced on .[.the.]. surfaces of said radioactively contaminated porous materials during said decontamination are mechanically removed from said surfaces .[.of said porous materials.].. 
     
     
       9. A process in accordance with claim 3, additionally comprising .Iadd.separating said decontamination agent from said radioactive contaminants and impurities and .Iaddend.testing said decontamination agent .[.used for said dissolution of said surface layers of said radioactively contaminated porous materials.]. after said .[.distillation.]. .Iadd.separating of said decontamination agent from said radioactive contaminants and impurities .Iaddend.to determine .[.the.]. .Iadd.a .Iaddend.composition of said decontamination agent. 
     
     
       10. A process in accordance with claim 7, additionally comprising electrochemically separating dissolved metals from said decontamination agent and removing said dissolved metals and .[.the.]. precipitate separated from said used decontamination agent when the radioactive contamination of said dissolved metals and said precipitate exceeds a predetermined value. 
     
     
       11. A process in accordance with claim 10, wherein said chemical precipitation with hydroxides comprises adding Ca 2+  ions to said used decontamination agent in the form of Ca(OH) 2  to precipitate said radioactive contaminants and solid impurities, and separated precipitate is conditioned by solidifying with a cement to remove said radioactive contaminants and .[.solid.]. impurities from said used decontamination agent. 
     
     
       12. A process in accordance with claim 10, additionally comprising adding cations to said decontamination agent after said separation of said radioactive contaminants and .[.solid.]. impurities to convert said decontamination agent to a compound which is substantially insoluble in water. 
     
     
       13. A process in accordance with claim 3, wherein said used decontamination agent is distilled to drying and said sump product is pyrolyzed. 
     
     
       14. A process in accordance with claim 13, additionally comprising reacting said pyrolyzed sump product with hydrogen to produce metals and HF, and recycling said HF into a distillation device. 
     
     
       15. A process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said surface layers of said radioactively contaminated porous materials are dissolved by spraying said radioactively contaminated porous materials with said decontamination agent. 
     
     
       16. A process in accordance with claim 3 additionally comprising separating said decontamination agent from said radioactive contaminants and said impurities by electrochemical means. 
     
     
       17. A process in accordance with claim 8 wherein said mechanical removal comprises abrasively treating said surfaces with solid ice particles. 
     
     
       18. A process in accordance with claim 8 wherein said mechanical removal comprises abrasively treating said surfaces by brushing. .Iadd.19. A process in accordance with claim 1 additionally comprising separating said decontamination agent from radioactive contaminants and impurities. .Iaddend. .Iadd.20. A process in accordance with claim 19 wherein said decontamination agent is separated from said radioactive contaminants and 
     
     
        impurities by distillation. .Iaddend. .Iadd.21.  A process for decontaminating radioactively contaminated metal using a decontamination agent selected from the group consisting of fluoroboric acid; hexafluorosilicate acid; water soluble salts of fluoroboric acid; and mixtures thereof in aqueous solution, said decontamination agent having a concentration of about 0.05 to about 50 mol/liter in said solution, said process comprising contacting said radioactively contaminated metal to be decontaminated with said decontaminated agent; and dissolving surface layers of said radioactively contaminated metal by said contacting with said decontamination agent. .Iaddend. .Iadd.22. A process for decontaminating radioactively contaminated materials using a decontamination agent selected from the group consisting of fluoroboric acid; hexafluorosilicate acid; water soluble salts of fluoroboric acid; and mixtures thereof in aqueous solution, said decontamination agent having a concentration of about 0.05 to about 50 mol/liter in said solution, said process comprising contacting said radioactively contaminated materials to be decontaminated with said decontamination agent; and dissolving surface layers of said radioactively contaminated materials by said contacting with said decontamination agent. .Iaddend.