Hollow fiber-type artificial lung

Abstract

An artificial lung has an axially extending housing which accommodates a bundle of hollow fibers retained within the housing by a pair of walls provided at the ends of the housing. The housing has blood inlet and outlet ports defining a blood chamber within the housing. Oxygen gas is passed through the hollow fibers and blood is passed through the blood chamber so that a gas exchange may take place through the hollow fiber walls. The artificial lung is provided with a blood reservoir chamber integral with the blood chamber and capable of being communicated with the blood chamber, so that blood which has undergone a gas exchange inside the chamber may be stored within the reservoir. A heat exchanger is disposed at a point preceding, following or intermediate the blood chamber and blood reservoir chamber, which construct a blood circuit.

What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A hollow fiber-type artificial lung, comprising: an axially extended housing;   a hollow fiber bundle including a multiplicity of hollow fibers accommodated within and along the axial direction of said housing, said hollow fibers forming blood channels between outer wall surfaces of neighboring ones of said fibers, and being arranged within said housing in such a manner that neighboring blood channels are brought into substantial communication;   first and second walls .[.each having cylindrically concave faces.]. for liquid-tightly supporting said hollow fibers at both end portions of aid fibers within said housing;   gas inlet means provided on an outer side of at least one of said first and said second walls for communicating with the hollow interior of said hollow fibers .[.the concave faces of.]. .Iadd.at one of said end portions;   gas outlet means provided on the other of said first and second walls communicating with the hollow interior of said hollow fibers at the other end portion of said fibers; .Iaddend.said first and second walls, the inner wall of said housing and the outer wall surfaces of said hollow fibers defining a blood chamber, .[.wherein the centers of the cylindrically concave faces of said first and second walls define extreme axial end locations of said blood chamber.].;   blood inlet and outlet means communicating with said blood chamber;   the inner surface of said housing in the vicinity of said blood inlet means being flared outwardly relative to the inner surface of the intermediate portion of the housing, for forming a first annular blood flow passage in said blood chamber at a portion adjacent to said first wall between the outer periphery of said hollow fiber bundle and the inner surface of the flared housing, wherein the flared inner surface of said housing in the vicinity of said blood inlet means is off-centered with respect to said hollow fiber .[.hundle.]. .Iadd.bundle .Iaddend.to increase the distance between said blood inlet means and said hollow fiber bundle and thus enlarge the flow area of said first blood flow passage facing said blood inlet means while gradually diminishing the flow area of said first blood flow passage with increasing distance from said blood inlet means, so that the amount of blood entering said first blood flow passage from said inlet means is substantially uniform circumferentially of said hollow fiber bundle and the flow rate of blood traveling axially of the housing within aid blood chamber tends to be made uniform, said first blood flow passage communicates with said blood inlet means and surrounds said hollow fiber bundle circumferentially at the end portion retained by said first wall, and said housing forming a second blood flow passage at a portion adjacent to said second wall, said second flow passage communicating with said blood outlet means and surrounding said hollow fiber bundle circumferentially at the end portion retained by said second wall.[.; the inner surface of said housing in the vicinity of said blood outlet means being flared outwardly relative to the inner surface of the intermediate portion of said housing, for forming said second blood flow passage in an annular shape between the outer periphery of said hollow fiber bundle and the inner surface of said housing: the flared inner surface of said housing in the vicinity of said blood outlet means is off-centered with respect to said hollow fiber bundle to increase the distance between said blood outlet means and said hollow fiber bundle and thus enlarge the flow area of said second blood flow passage facing said blood outlet means while gradually diminishing the flow area of said second blood flow passage with increasing distance from said blood outlet means so that the amount of blood entering said second blood flow passage is substantially uniform circumferentially of said hollow fiber bundle and the flow rate of blood traveling axially of said housing becomes uniform in relation to the circumferential direction of said hollow fiber bundle;   said housing having an inner diameter of minimum value at the vicinity of the central region of said housing axially thereof for constricting said hollow fiber bundle, and a gradually larger value in the direction toward the ends of the housing for varying the cross-sectional area of said blood channels formed between neighboring fibers to narrow said blood channels toward the axial center region of said hollow fiber bundle from both of its ends;.]. and gas venting means communicating with the interior of said blood chamber in the vicinity of .[.the center of the concave face of.]. said second wall so that said gas venting means can be situated at substantially the highest location of said blood chamber when said housing is vertically oriented when the artificial lung is in use.   
     
     
       2. The artificial lung according to claim 1, wherein said gas venting means and said blood outlet means are provided at positions substantially symmetrical with respect to the axis of said housing. 
     
     
       3. The artificial lung according to claim 1, wherein said second wall has a concave portion on a side facing said second blood flow passage, and said gas venting means is provided in a side wall of said housing adjacent the concave portion of said second wall. 
     
     
       4. The artificial lung according to claim 1, wherein said hollow fibers are made of a microporous membrane. 
     
     
       5. The artificial lung according to claim 1, wherein said gas venting means comprising a gas venting port having a detachable filter permeable to gas and impermeable to bacteria. 
     
     
       6. A hollow fiber-type artificial lung, comprising: an axially extended housing;   a hollow fiber bundle including a multiplicity of hollow fibers accommodated within and along the axial direction of said housing, said hollow fibers forming blood channels between outer wall surfaces of neighboring ones thereof, and being arranged within said housing in such a manner that neighboring blood channels are brought into substantial communication;   first and second walls liquid-tightly supporting said hollow fibers at both end portions thereof within said housing;   said first and second walls, the inner wall of said housing and the outer wall surfaces of said hollow fibers defining a blood chamber;   blood inlet means provided in a side wall of said housing in the vicinity of said first wall and communicating with said blood chamber;   the inner surface of said housing in the vicinity of said blood inlet means being flared outwardly relative to the inner surface of the intermediate portion of the housing, for forming a first annular blood flow passage in said blood chamber at a portion adjacent to said first wall between the outer periphery of said hollow fiber bundle and the inner surface of the flared housing, wherein the flared inner surface of said housing in the vicinity of said blood inlet means is off-centered with respect to said hollow fiber bundle to increase the distance between said blood inlet means and said hollow fiber bundle and thus enlarge the flow area of said first blood flow passage facing said blood inlet means while gradually diminishing the flow area of said first blood flow passage with increasing distance from said blood inlet means, so that the amount of blood entering said first blood flow passage from said inlet means is substantially uniform circumferentially of said hollow fiber bundle and the flow rate of blood traveling axially of the housing within said blood chamber tends to be made uniform;   a blood reservoir chamber provided in the vicinity of said second wall and formed integrally with said blood chamber for communicating directly with said blood chamber;   blood outlet means communicating directly with said blood reservoir chamber;   wherein said blood reservoir chamber is provided on said housing in the region of said blood outlet means and is defined in part by the outer periphery of a portion of said housing which extends along the axial direction of said blood chamber so that sufficient gas-exchange area with said blood chamber is afforded with a desired reserve volume of said blood reservoir chamber; and   gas inlet means provided on an outer side of at least one of said first and second walls and communicating with the hollow interior of said hollow fibers.   
     
     
       7. The artificial lung according to claim 6, further comprising gas venting means communicating said blood reservoir chamber with the atmosphere. 
     
     
       8. The artificial lung according to claim 7, wherein said gas venting means comprises a gas venting port having a filter permeable to gas and impermeable to bacteria. 
     
     
       9. The artificial lung according to claim 6, wherein said blood reservoir chamber has an outer wall comprising a rigid material, a side surface of said outer wall having graduations. 
     
     
       10. The artificial lung according to claim 6, wherein said blood reservoir chamber is so adapted that, when blood is introduced from said blood inlet means so as to rise within said blood chamber, the blood will flow downwardly into said blood reservoir chamber from said blood chamber and will be collected within said blood reservoir chamber. 
     
     
       11. The artificial lung according to claim 6, wherein said housing comprises an inner cylinder defining said blood chamber, and an outer cylinder surround a portion of said inner cylinder for defining said blood reservoir chamber between itself and said inner cylinder, said first wall being retained in said inner cylinder, said second wall being retained in said outer .[.cylinderr.]. .Iadd.cylinder..Iaddend. 
     
     
       12. The artificial lung according to claim 6, wherein said housing comprises an inner cylinder defining said blood chamber, and an outer cylinder surrounding a portion of said inner cylinder for defining said blood reservoir chamber between itself and said inner cylinder, said first and second walls being retained in said inner cylinder. 
     
     
       13. The artificial lung according to claim 6, wherein said hollow fibers are made of a microporous membrane. 
     
     
       14. A hollow fiber-type artificial lung, comprising: an axially extended housing;   a hollow fiber bundle including a multiplicity of hollow fibers accommodated within and along the axial direction of said housing, said hollow fibers forming blood channels between outer wall surfaces of neighboring ones thereof, and being arranged within said housing in such a manner that neighboring blood channels are brought into substantial communication;   first and second walls liquid-tightly supporting said hollow fibers at both end portions thereof within said housing;   said first and second walls, the inner wall of said housing and the outer wall surfaces of said hollow fibers defining a blood chamber;   blood inlet means provided in a side wall of said housing in the vicinity of said first wall and having an opening communicating with said blood chamber;   the inner surface of said housing in the vicinity of said blood inlet means being flared outwardly relative to the inner surface of the intermediate portion of the housing, for forming a first annular blood flow passage in said blood chamber at a portion adjacent to said first wall between the outer periphery of said hollow fiber bundle and the inner surface of the flared housing, wherein the flared inner surface of said housing in the vicinity of said blood inlet means is off-centered with respect to said hollow fiber bundle to increase the distance between said blood inlet means and said hollow fiber bundle and thus enlarge the flow area of said first blood flow passage facing said blood inlet means while gradually diminishing the flow area of said first blood flow passage with increasing distance from said blood inlet means, so that the amount of blood entering said first blood flow passage form said inlet means is substantially uniform circumferentially of said hollow fiber bundle and the flow rate of blood traveling axially of the housing within said blood chamber tends to be made uniform;   blood outlet means provided in a side wall of said housing in the vicinity of said second wall and having an opening communicating with said blood chamber;   a heat exchanger provided integral with a blood flow passage, which is formed by said blood chamber, at leas at an upstream, downstream or intermediate portion of said blood flow passage;   gas inlet means provided o an outer side of at least one of said first and second walls; and   a blood reservoir provided on said housing on the side of said blood outlet means and formed integrally with said blood chamber for communicating directly with said blood chamber;   wherein said blood reservoir is defined in part by the outer periphery of a portion of said housing which extends along the axial direction of said blood chamber so that sufficient gas-exchange area with said blood chamber is afforded with a desired reserve volume of said blood reservoir.   
     
     
       15. The artificial lung according to claim 14, wherein said heat exchanger is provided in said blood chamber on said blood outlet means. 
     
     
       16. The artificial lung according to claim 14, wherein said heat exchanger is provided within said blood reservoir. 
     
     
       17. The artificial lung according to claim 14, wherein said housing has a blood inlet port, said heat exchanger being provided on the side of said blood inlet port. 
     
     
       18. The artificial lung according to claim 14, wherein said heat exchanger comprises a bundle of a multiplicity of slender tubes supported at both ends, which ends are open, the hollow interiors of said tubes defining blood flow passages, said heat exchanger being so adapted that a heat transfer medium may be passed along the periphery of said tubes. 
     
     
       19. The artificial lung according to claim 14, wherein said heat exchanger comprises a tubular body through the hollow interior of which a heat transfer medium may be passed. 
     
     
       20. The artificial lung according to claim 14, wherein said blood reservoir has a gas vent communicating with the atmosphere. 
     
     
       21. The artificial lung according to claim 14, wherein said blood reservoir has an outer wall comprising a rigid material, said outer wall having graduations. 
     
     
       22. The artificial lung according to claim 14, wherein said hollow fibers are made of microporous membrane. 
     
     
       23. The artificial lung according to claim 14, wherein said housing comprises an inner cylinder accommodating said hollow fibers, and an outer cylinder surrounding a portion of said inner cylinder for defining said blood reservoir between said outer cylinder and said inner cylinder, said first wall supporting said hollow fibers being retained in said inner cylinder, said second wall supporting said hollow fibers being retained in said outer cylinder. 
     
     
       24. The artificial lung according to claim 14, wherein said housing comprises an inner cylinder accommodating said hollow fibers, and an outer cylinder surrounding a portion of said inner cylinder for defining said blood reservoir between itself and said inner cylinder, said first and second walls supporting said hollow fibers being retained in said inner cylinder. .Iadd. 
     
     
       25.  The artificial lung according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second walls includes a cylindrically concave face the center of which defines an extreme axial end location of said blood chamber. .Iaddend. .Iadd.26. The artificial lung according to claim 25, wherein the inner surface of said housing in the vicinity of said blood outlet means is flared outwardly relative to the inner surface of the intermediate portion of said housing, for forming said second blood flow passage in an annular shape between the outer periphery of said hollow fiber bundle and the inner surface of said housing. .Iaddend. .Iadd.27. The artificial lung according to claim 26, wherein the flared inner surface of said housing in the vicinity of said blood outlet means is off-centered with respect to said hollow fiber bundle to increase the distance between said blood outlet means and said hollow fiber bundle and thus enlarge the flow area of said second blood flow passage facing said blood outlet means while gradually diminishing the flow area of said second blood flow passage with increasing distance from said blood outlet means so that the amount of blood entering said second blood flow passage is substantially uniform circumferentially of said hollow fiber bundle and the flow rate of blood traveling axially of said housing becomes uniform in relation to the circumferential direction of said hollow fiber bundle. .Iaddend. .Iadd.28. The artificial lung according to claim 27, wherein said housing includes an inner diameter of minimum value at the vicinity of the central region of said housing axially thereof for constricting said hollow fiber bundle, and a gradually larger value in the direction toward the ends of the housing for varying the cross-sectional area of said blood channels formed between neighboring fibers to narrow said blood channels toward the axial center region of said hollow fiber bundle from both of its ends. .Iaddend. .Iadd.29. The artificial lung according to claim 28, wherein said gas venting means communicates with the interior of said blood chamber in the vicinity of the center of a concave face of said second wall. .Iaddend. 
     
     
        .Iadd.30.  The artificial lung of claim 26, wherein said multiplicity of hollow fibers form blood channels between outer wall surfaces of neighboring ones of said fibers, and being arranged within said housing in such a manner that neighboring blood channels are brought into substantial communication; the said first and second walls, the inner wall of said housing, and the outer wall surfaces of said hollow fibers defining a blood chamber;   said gas inlet and outlet means communicating with the interior of the multiplicity of hollow fibers;   said blood inlet and outlet portions communicating with said blood chamber; and   said blood reservoir communicating with said blood chamber. .Iaddend.   
     
     
        .Iadd.1.  A hollow fiber-type artificial lung, comprising: a vertically extended housing;   oxygenation means including a hollow fiber bundle having a multiplicity of hollow fibers accommodated within and along the vertical direction of said housing, said oxygenating means performing gas exchange between blood and gas through a wall of the hollow fibers in said bundle;   first and second walls liquid-tightly supporting said multiplicity of hollow fibers, respectively, at both end portions of said fibers within said housing;   gas inlet means provided for introducing the gas for oxygenation to the oxygenating means;   gas outlet means provided for expelling the gas from the oxygenating means;   blood inlet and outlet portions communicating with said oxygenating means;   said blood inlet portion provided at the lower portion of said oxygenating means;   said blood outlet portion provided at the upper portion of said oxygenating means;   a heat exchanger including a blood inlet port and a blood outflow communication portion, and including heat-transfer-medium inlet and outlet ports for having said medium exchange heat with blood flowing through said heat exchanger from the blood inlet port to the blood outflow communication portion; and   a blood reservoir provided on a side of said blood outlet portion and having a blood outlet port at a lower portion thereof, the interior of said blood reservoir being in communication with the atmosphere at a position higher than said blood outlet portion of said oxygenating means;   said heat exchanger being provided upstream of the oxygenating means and said blood reservoir being provided downstream of said oxygenating means so that blood is directed to flow from the heat exchanger upward through   
     
     
        the oxygenator then downward to the blood reservoir. .Iaddend. .Iadd.32. A hollow fiber-type artificial lung, comprising: a vertically extended housing;   oxygenating means including a hollow fiber bundle having a multiplicity of hollow fibers accommodated within and along the vertical direction of said housing to form blood channels between outer wall surfaces of neighboring ones thereof in such a manner that neighboring blood channels are brought into substantial communication with each other, said oxygenating means performing gas exchange between blood and gas through a wall of the hollow fibers in said bundle;   first and second walls liquid-tightly supporting said multiplicity of hollow fibers, respectively, at both end portions of said fibers within said housing;   gas inlet means provided for introducing the gas for oxygenation to the oxygenating means;   gas outlet means provided for expelling the gas from the oxygenating means;   blood inlet and outlet portions communicating with said oxygenating means;   said blood inlet portion provided at the lower portion of said oxygenating means;   said blood outlet portion provided at the upper portion of said oxygenating means;   a heat exchanger including a blood inlet port and a blood outflow communication portion, and including heat-transfer-medium inlet and outlet ports for having said medium exchange heat with blood flowing through said heat exchanger from the blood inlet port to the blood outflow communication portion; and   a blood reservoir provided on a side of said blood outlet portion and having a blood outlet port at a lower portion thereof, the interior of said blood reservoir being in communication with the atmosphere at a position higher than said blood outlet portion of said oxygenating means;   said heat exchanger being provided upstream of the oxygenating means and said blood reservoir being provided downstream of said oxygenating means so that blood is directed to flow from the heat exchanger upward through   
     
     
        the oxygenator then downward to the blood reservoir. .Iaddend. .Iadd.33. A hollow fiber-type artificial lung, comprising: a vertically extended housing;   oxygenating means including a hollow fiber bundle having a multiplicity of hollow fibers accommodated within and along the vertical direction of said housing, said oxygenating means performing gas exchange between blood and gas through a wall of the hollow fibers in said bundle and having its upper portion in communication with the atmosphere;   first and second walls liquid-tightly supporting said multiplicity of hollow fibers, respectively, at both end portions of said fibers within said housing;   gas inlet means provided for introducing the gas for oxygenation to the oxygenating means;   gas outlet means provided for expelling the gas from the oxygenating means;   blood inlet and outlet portions communicating with said oxygenating means;   said blood inlet portion provided at the lower portion of said oxygenating means;   said blood outlet portion provided at the upper portion of said oxygenating means;   a heat exchanger including a blood inlet port and a blood outflow communication portion, and including heat-transfer-medium inlet and outlet ports for having said medium exchange heat with blood flowing through said heat exchanger from the blood inlet port to the blood outflow communication portion; and   a blood reservoir provided on a side of said blood outlet portion and having a blood outlet port at a lower portion thereof, the interior of said blood reservoir being in communication with the atmosphere at a position higher than said blood outlet portion of said oxygenating means;   said heat exchanger being provided upstream of the oxygenating means and said blood reservoir being provided downstream of said oxygenating means so that blood is directed to flow from the heat exchanger upward through   
     
     
        the oxygenator then downward to the blood reservoir. .Iaddend. .Iadd.34. A hollow fiber-type artificial lung, comprising: a vertically extended housing;   oxygenation means including a hollow fiber bundle having a multiplicity of hollow fibers accommodated within and along the vertical direction of said housing to form blood channels between outer wall surfaces of neighboring ones thereof in such a manner that neighboring blood channels are brought into substantial communication with each other, said oxygenating means performing gas exchange between blood and gas through a wall of the hollow fibers in said bundle;   first and second walls liquid-tightly supporting said multiplicity of hollow fibers, respectively, at both end portions of said fibers within said housing;   gas inlet means provided on an outer side of at least one of said first and second supporting walls and communicating with the hollow interior of said hollow fiber for introducing the gas for oxygenation to the oxygenating means;   blood inlet and outlet portions communicating with said oxygenating means;   said blood inlet portion provided at the lower portion of said oxygenating means;   said blood outlet portion provided at the upper portion of said oxygenating means;   an intermediate housing portion including means for providing constriction of the hollow fibers for reducing the cross-sectional area of the blood channels formed between neighboring ones of said hollow fibers, said constriction means comprising a cross-sectional area of the housing within the intermediate portion thereof that continuously reduces from each end thereof towards the respective opposite end such that inner surfaces defining said continuously reducing cross-sectional areas meet and form a minimum cross-sectional area of the housing providing maximum constriction of the hollow fiber bundle, whereby no local constriction of the hollow fiber bundle with no local inwardly directed projection are provided;   a heat exchanger including a blood inlet port and a blood outflow communication portion, and including heat-transfer-medium inlet and outlet ports for having said medium exchange heat with blood flowing through said heat exchanger from the blood inlet port to the blood outflow communication portion; and   a blood reservoir provided on a side of said blood outlet portion and having a blood outlet port at a lower portion thereof, the interior of said blood reservoir being in communication with the atmosphere at a position higher than said blood outlet portion of said oxygenating means;   said heat exchanger being provided upstream of the oxygenating means and said blood reservoir being provided downstream of said oxygenating means so that blood is directed to flow from the heat exchanger upward through   
     
     
        the oxygenator then downward to the blood reservoir. .Iaddend. .Iadd.35. The artificial lung according to claim 34, further comprising gas outlet means provided on an outer side of said at least one of the first and second supporting walls and communicating with the hollow interior of said hollow fibers. .Iaddend. .Iadd.36. A hollow fiber-type artificial lung, comprising: a vertically extended housing;   oxygenation means including a hollow fiber bundle having a multiplicity of hollow fibers accommodated within and along the vertical direction of said housing to form blood channels between outer wall surfaces of neighboring ones thereof in such a manner that neighboring blood channels are brought into substantial communication with each other, said oxygenating means performing gas exchange between blood and gas through a wall of the hollow fibers in said bundle and having its upper portion in communication with the atmosphere;   first and second walls liquid-tightly supporting said multiplicity of hollow fibers, respectively, at both end portions of said fibers within said housing;   gas inlet means provided on an outer side of at least one of said first and second supporting walls and communicating with the hollow interior of said hollow fiber for introducing the gas for oxygenation to the oxygenating means;   blood inlet and outlet portions communicating with said oxygenating means;   said blood inlet portion provided at the lower portion of said oxygenating means;   said blood outlet portion provided at the upper portion of said oxygenating means;   an intermediate housing portion including means for providing constriction of the hollow fibers for reducing the cross-sectional area of the blood channels formed between neighboring ones of said hollow fibers, said constriction means comprising a cross-sectional area of the housing within the intermediate portion thereof that continuously reduces from each end thereof towards the respective opposite end such that inner surfaces defining said continuously reducing cross-sectional areas meet and form a minimum cross-sectional area of the housing providing maximum constriction of the hollow fiber bundle, whereby no local constriction of the hollow fiber bundle with no local inwardly directed projection are provided;   a heat exchanger including a blood inlet port and a blood outflow communication portion, and including heat-transfer-medium inlet and outlet ports for having said medium exchange heat with blood flowing through said heat exchanger from the blood inlet port to the blood outflow communication portion; and   a blood reservoir provided on a side of said blood outlet portion and having a blood outlet port at a lower portion thereof, the interior of said blood reservoir being in communication with the atmosphere at a position higher than said blood outlet portion of said oxygenating means;   said heat exchanger being provided upstream of the oxygenating means and said blood reservoir being provided downstream of said oxygenating means so that blood is directed to flow from the heat exchanger upward through   
     
     
        the oxygenator then downward to the blood reservoir. .Iaddend. .Iadd.37. The artificial lung according to claim 36, further comprising gas outlet means provided on an outer side of said at least one of the first and second supporting walls and communicating with the hollow interior of said hollow fibers. .Iaddend.