Method and apparatus for acoustic well logging

Abstract

Method and apparatus for acoustic wave generation and transmission into a subsurface earth formation. A logging sonde adapted to be suspended in a borehole within the formation houses a generator means for simultaneously generating a plurality of acoustic waves traveling in the direction of and spaced substantially evenly about the .[.logitudinal.]. .Iadd.longitudinal .Iaddend.axis of the sonde. An acoustic energy reflector means within the housing reflects the waves radially outwards of the axis and into the formation at angles generally perpendicular to the axis. Detectors within the housing spaced longitudinally from the generator and reflector detect acoustic energy in the formation resulting from the reflected waves. In a preferred embodiment, the generator means comprises four cylindrical magnetostrictively energized elements disposed about the central axis of the sonde, each having an axis parallel to the central axis, so that the four axes of the elements, when viewed in the direction of the central axis, define four corners of a square. The elements are designed so that upon energization, a given element vibrates longitudinally out of phase relative to the two elements adjacent thereto, vibration of the four elements in concert generating two positive and two negative waves which, when reflected into the formation, interfere to produce a quadrupole shear wave.

I claim: 
     
       1. A method of establishing multiple acoustic waves in a subsurface earth formation traversed by a borehole with a sonde, having a central longitudinal axis, disposed therein, comprising the steps of: simultaneously generating 2N acoustic pressure waves, where N is an integer not less than one, originating from a corresponding number of discrete locations spaced radially outward from said central longitudinal axis so that said waves will propagate initially along respective wave axes in directions substantially parallel to said central longitudinal axis, said wave axes being oriented so that the projections, in a plane perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis, of lines intersecting the central longitudinal axis and the wave axes define a plurality of approximately equal angles α, wherein α is approximately equal to 360°/2N, and so that any first one of the waves traveling along a corresponding first one of the wave axes is substantially out of phase with respect to any second one of the waves traveling along a corresponding second one of the wave axes, where the first wave axis and the second wave axis are separated by angle α with respect to the central longitudinal axis; and reflecting said waves substantially radially outward from said central longitudinal axis into said formation.   
     
     
       2. The method of claim 1, wherein said pressure waves are initially propagated within said sonde and are thereafter reflected radially outward from said sonde. 
     
     
       3. The method of claim 2, wherein said wave axes are substantially equidistant from said central axis. 
     
     
       4. The method of claim 1, wherein said reflected waves include lobes reflected at an angle θ from a plane perpendicular to said central longitudinal axis, where θ is greater than zero. 
     
     
       5. The method of claim 4, wherein N=2. 
     
     
       6. The method of claim 4, wherein the directions of said radially outward reflected waves, when projected onto a plane perpendicular to said central axis, define said plurality of angles α, and wherein said generated pressure waves have an amplitude and frequency such that said reflected waves will interfere to generate an acoustic multipole shear wave in said formation. 
     
     
       7. Apparatus for establishing multipole acoustic waves in a subsurface each formation traversed by a borehole with a sonde, having a central longitudinal axis, disposed therein, comprising: acoustic wave generator means for simultaneously generating 2N acoustic pressure waves, where N is an integer not less than one, originating from a corresponding number of discrete locations spaced radially outward from said central longitudinal axis so that said waves will propagate along respective wave axes in directions substantially parallel to said central longitudinal axis, said wave axes being oriented so that the projections, in a plane perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis, of lines intersecting the central longitudinal axis and the wave axes define a plurality of approximately equal angles α, wherein α is approximately equal to 360°/2N, and so that any first one of the waves traveling along a corresponding first one of the wave axes is substantially out of phase with respect to any second one of the waves traveling along and corresponding second one of the wave axes, where the first wave axis and the second waves axis are separated by angle α with respect to the central longitudinal axis; and   acoustic wave reflector means for reflecting said waves in substantially radially outward directions from said central longitudinal axis into said formation.   
     
     
       8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein N=2. 
     
     
       9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said .[.vibrations.]. .Iadd.acoustic waves .Iaddend.have an amplitude and frequency such that said reflected waves are capable of interfering to generate an acoustic multipole shear wave in said formation. 
     
     
       10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said wave axes are substantially equidistant from said central axis. 
     
     
       11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said generator means includes a plurality of rod means each longitudinally coaxial to a different corresponding one of said wave axes for establishing vibrations in the direction of said wave axes. 
     
     
       12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein each of said plurality of rod means is comprised of piezoelectric material which vibrates in the direction of the wave axis corresponding thereto when energized by a changing electrical potential. 
     
     
       13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein said acoustic wave reflector means comprises a plurality of acoustic reflector face means each for a different one of said waves and facing a different one of said substantially radially outward directions from said central axis, for reflecting each of said different ones of said plurality of waves in a respective said different one of said substantially radially outward directions. 
     
     
       14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein each of said rod means is comprised of a magnetostrictive material having a strain constant, which vibrates in the direction of the wave axis corresponding thereto when in the presence of a changing magnetic field in said direction. 
     
     
       15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein a next one of said plurality of rod means, and each one of said plurality of rod means having a wave axis separated from the wave axis corresponding to said next one of said plurality of rod means by an angle equal to 2nα with respect to central axis are comprised of a first magnetostrictive material having a first strain constant, and wherein every other one of said plurality of rod means is comprised of a second magnetostrictive material having a second strain constant different from said first strain constant, where n is a positive integer. 
     
     
       16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said first magnetostrictive material is nickel and second magnetostrictive material is 2 V Permendur. 
     
     
       17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the absolute value of the first strain constant is larger than that of the second strain constant, and also comprising: an electrically conducting metal element wrapped about each of said rod means comprised of a material having said first strain constant so that the absolute value of the effective strain constant of each of said wrapped rod means is reduced to a value less than the absolute value of said first strain constant.   
     
     
       18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein each of said plurality of rod means has substantially the same strain constant. 
     
     
       19. The apparatus of claim 18, also comprising: pre-biasing means for establishing a constant selected magnetic field adjacent predetermined ones of said plurality of rod means.   
     
     
       20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said pre-biasing means comprises a permanent magnet. 
     
     
       21. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said pre-biasing means comprises an electromagnetic coil. 
     
     
       22. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein each of said rod means is comprised of a plurality of discs of said piezoelectric material stacked longitudinally in the direction of the wave axis corresponding thereto. 
     
     
       23. The apparatus of claim .[.22.]. .Iadd.13.Iaddend., wherein each of said plurality of face means is oriented for reflecting a different one of said waves at an angle θ from plane perpendicular to said central axis, where θ is greater than zero. 
     
     
       24. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the number of said plurality of rod means is equal to 2N and the number of said plurality of face means is equal to 2N. 
     
     
       25. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said acoustic wave reflector means defines an inverted pyramid in coaxial alignment with said central axis, said pyramid having faces, each of which comprises a different one of said plurality of face means, each of said faces being oriented above a respective one of said rod means and being further intersected by one of said wave axes corresponding to said respective one of said rod means. .Iadd. 
     
     
       26.  A method of detecting multipole acoustic waves in a subsurface earth formation traversed by a borehole with a sonde having a central longitudinal axis disposed therein, said multipole acoustic waves creating 2N acoustic pressure waves in the borehole that propagate radially inwardly toward the sonde, comprising the steps of: reflecting the 2N acoustic pressure waves traveling radially inwardly toward the sonde so that the reflected 2N acoustic pressure waves travel along respective wave axes substantially parallel to the central longitudinal axis of the sonde; and   simultaneously detecting 2N acoustic pressure waves, where N is an integer not less than one, at a corresponding number of discrete locations spaced radially outward from said central longitudinal axis, said reflected wave axes being oriented so that the projections, in a plane perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis, of lines intersecting the central longitudinal axis and the wave axes define a plurality of approximately equal angles α, wherein α is approximately equal to 360°/2N, and so that any first one of the waves traveling along a corresponding first one of the wave axes is substantially out of phase with respect to any second one of the waves traveling along a corresponding second one of the wave axes, where the first wave axis and the second wave axis are separated by angle α with respect to the central longitudinal axis. .Iaddend. .Iadd.27. The method of claim 26, wherein said reflected wave axes are substantially equidistant from said   
     
     
        central axis. .Iaddend. .Iadd.28.  The method of claim 26 wherein said acoustic pressure waves propagating toward the sonde include lobes reflected at an angle r from a plane perpendicular to said central longitudinal axis, where r is greater than zero. .Iaddend. .Iadd.29. The method of claim 28, wherein N=2. .Iaddend. .Iadd.30. The method of claim 28, wherein the directions of the wave axes of the acoustic pressure waves reflected substantially parallel to the central longitudinal axis, when projected outwardly toward the formation and then projected onto a plane perpendicular to said central axis, define said plurality of angles 
     
     
        α. .Iaddend. .Iadd.31.  Apparatus for detecting multipole acoustic waves in a subsurface earth formation traversed by a borehole with a sonde having a central longitudinal axis disposed therein, wherein said multipole acoustic waves in the formation create 2N acoustic pressure waves propagating radially toward the sonde, said apparatus comprising: acoustic wave detector means for simultaneously detecting 2N acoustic pressure waves, where N is an integer not less than one, at a corresponding number of discrete locations spaced radially outward from said central longitudinal axis, said waves propagating along respective wave axes in directions substantially parallel to said central longitudinal axis, said wave axes being oriented so that the projections, in a plane perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis, of lines intersecting the central longitudinal axis and the wave axes define a plurality of approximately equal angles α, wherein α is approximately equal to 360°/2N, and any first one of the waves traveling along a corresponding first one of the wave axes is substantially out of phase with respect to any second one of the waves traveling along a corresponding second one of the wave axes, and the first wave axis and the second waves axis are separated by angle α with respect to the central longitudinal axis; and   acoustic wave reflector means for reflecting said acoustic pressure waves propagating radially toward toward the sonde so that such waves propagate along respective wave axes substantially parallel to the central   
     
     
        longitudinal axis of the sonde. .Iaddend. .Iadd.32.  The apparatus of claim 31, wherein N=2. .Iaddend. .Iadd.33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein said wave axes are substantially equidistant from said central axis. .Iaddend. .Iadd.34. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein said detector means includes a plurality of rod means each longitudinally coaxial to a different corresponding one of said wave axes for detecting vibrations in the direction of said wave axes. .Iaddend. .Iadd.35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said plurality of rod means is comprised of piezoelectric material which produces measurable signals in response to vibrations in the direction of the wave axis corresponding thereto. .Iaddend. .Iadd.36. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said acoustic wave reflector means comprises a plurality of acoustic reflector face means each for a different one of said waves and facing a different substantially radially outward direction from said central axis. .Iaddend. .Iadd.37. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein each of said rod means is comprised of a magnetostrictive material having a strain constant, which when vibrated in the direction of the wave axis corresponding thereto is capable of creating a changing magnetic field in said direction. .Iaddend. 
     
     
        .Iadd.38.  The apparatus of claim 37, wherein a next one of said plurality of rod means, and each one of said plurality of rod means having a wave axis separated from the wave axis corresponding to said next one of said plurality of rod means by an angle equal to 2nα with respect to said central axis are comprised of a first magnetostrictive material having a first strain constant, and wherein every one of said plurality of rod means is comprised of a second magnetostrictive material having a second strain constant different from said first strain constant, where n is a positive integer. .Iaddend. .Iadd.39. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein said first magnetostrictive material is nickel and said second magnetostrictive material is 2V Permendur. .Iaddend. .Iadd.40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the absolute value of the first strain constant is larger than that of the second strain constant, and also comprising: an electrically conducting metal element wrapped about each of said rod means comprised of a material having said first strain constant so that the absolute value of the effective strain constant of each of said wrapped rod means is reduced to a value less than the absolute value of said first strain constant. .Iaddend. .Iadd.41. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein each of said plurality of rod means has substantially the same   
     
     
        strain constant. .Iaddend. .Iadd.42.  The apparatus of claim 41, also comprising: pre-biasing for establishing a constant selected magnetic field adjacent predetermined ones of said plurality of rod means. .Iaddend. .Iadd.43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein said pre-biasing means comprises a permanent magnet. .Iaddend. .Iadd.44. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein said pre-biasing means comprises an electromagnetic coil. .Iaddend. .Iadd.45. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein each of said rod means is comprised of a plurality of discs of said piezoelectric material stacked longitudinally in the direction of the wave axis corresponding thereto. .Iaddend. .Iadd.46. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein the number of said plurality of rod means is equal to 2N and the number of said plurality of face means is equal to 2N. .Iaddend. .Iadd.47. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein said acoustic wave reflector means defines an inverted pyramid in coaxial alignment with said central axis, said pyramid having faces, each of which comprises a different one of said plurality of face means, each of said faces being oriented above a respective one of said rod means and being further intersected by one of said wave axes corresponding to said   
     
     
        respective one of said rod means. .Iaddend. .Iadd.48.  The apparatus of claim 36, wherein each of said plurality of face means is oriented for reflecting a different one of said waves at an angle r from a plan perpendicular to said central axis, where r is greater than zero. 
     
     
        .Iaddend. .Iadd.49.  Apparatus for detecting multipole acoustic waves in a subsurface earth formation traversed by a borehole with a sonde having a central longitudinal axis disposed therein, wherein said multipole acoustic waves in the formation create 2N acoustic pressure waves propagating radially toward the sonde, said apparatus comprising: acoustic wave reflector means for reflecting said acoustic pressure waves propagating radially toward the sonde at a plurality of approximately equal angles α in a plane substantially perpendicular to the axis of the sonde, wherein α is approximately equal to 360°/2N, so that such reflected waves propagate along respective wave axes substantially parallel to the central longitudinal axis of the sonde; and   acoustic wave detector means for simultaneously detecting the 2N acoustic pressure waves, where N is an integer not less than one, at a corresponding number of discrete locations spaced radially outward from said central longitudinal axis, said waves propagating along respective wave axes in directions substantially parallel to said central longitudinal axis and any first one of the waves traveling along a corresponding first one of the wave axes is substantially out of phase with respect to any second one of the waves traveling along a   
     
     
        corresponding second one of the wave axes. .Iaddend. .Iadd.50.  The apparatus of claim 49, wherein said detector means includes a plurality of rod means each longitudinally coaxial to a different corresponding one of said wave axes for detecting vibrations in the direction of said wave axes. .Iaddend. .Iadd.51. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein said plurality of rod means is comprised of piezoelectric material which produces measurable signals in response to vibrations in the direction of the wave axis corresponding thereto. .Iaddend. .Iadd.52. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein said acoustic wave reflector means comprises a plurality of acoustic reflector face means each for a different one of said waves and facing a different substantially radially outward direction from said central axis. .Iaddend. .Iadd.53. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein each of said rod means is comprised of a magnetostrictive material having a strain constant, which when vibrated in the direction of the wave axis corresponding thereto is capable of creating a changing magnetic field in said direction. .Iaddend.