Microwave landing system

Abstract

The invention provides independent guidance and monitoring to be integrated into an MLS landing system and also provides a scaled-down MLS landing guidance system useable at small airports. In both cases an added fixed beam precision guidance system is integrated into the MLS time sequence format. The fixed beam guidance system is based upon the concept of using paired fixed overlapping beams, sequentially radiated by different fixed antennas. One pair is oriented to left and right of the centerline of the runway, and the other pair is oriented above and below the desired glideslope. The first set of paired beams overlap at the centerline of the runway in such a manner that an aircraft approaching exactly on centerline will intercept equal signal intensities to indicate an on-course approach. Conversely when the aircraft is off-course to one side of the centerline, it will intercept a stronger signal intensity for the fixed guidance beam which is directed to that side of the centerline and a weaker signal intensity for the fixed beam which is directed to the other side of the centerline. Similar operation is provided by the overlapped guidance beams operating in the elevation mode.

I claim: 
     
       1. The method of providing MLS aircraft landing guidance and independently monitoring the accuracy of that MLS guidance for a prescribed approach path by transmitting from ground based antenna means in a repeating sequence of allocated MLS time intervals plural diverse guidance functions respectively including scanning beam precision landing guidance functions interspersed with fixed-beam precision guidance functions, including the steps of: (a) scanning said scanning beam in first and second opposed directions across an approach region including the prescribed approach path to provide said scanning beam function, the scanning beam being transmitted within its own allocated MLS time intervals in the sequence and starting and stopping on opposite sides of the prescribed approach path;   (b) transmitting during non-interfering MLS time intervals fixed-beam guidance beams paired along opposite sides of the prescribed approach path such that the radiation patterns of the paired beams overlap the prescribed approach path by the same amount to provide said fixed beam function, whereby their intensities as measured along the prescribed approach path are mutually equal;   (c) receiving in an approaching aircraft said transmitted guidance beams to provide received signals;   (d) processing the signals received from the scanning beam guidance function to provide a first output signal which varies in proportion to the time between the reception in the aircraft of the scanning beam passing in said first direction and the reception of the scanning beam passing in the second direction at the present location of the aircraft, and using such first output signals to generate scanning beam guidance signals with respect to the prescribed approach path;   (e) processing the signals received from the paired fixed-beam guidance function by comparing their relative amplitudes to provide a second output signal which varies in proportion to the relative strengths thereof as received at the present location of the aircraft, and using such second output signals to generate fixed beam guidance signals with respect to the prescribed approach path; and   (f) comparing said first output signals and said second output signals, and providing for aircraft guidance said scanning beam guidance signals when the first and second output signals substantially agree.   
     
     
       2. The method as claimed in claim 1, including the steps of transmitting in association with said guidance functions identifying data functions operative to indicate the type of guidance functions being transmitted, whereby to indicate in the aircraft how received signals should be processed. 
     
     
       3. The method as claimed in claim 2, including the steps of alternatively transmitting said scanning beam guidance functions and said fixed-beam guidance functions in azimuth orientation and in elevational orientation. 
     
     
       4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the system includes MLS OCI (out-of-course indication) beams transmitted in out-of-course sectors other than said approach region at MLS specified amplitudes for the OCI beams whose amplitudes are greater than any guidance beam amplitude in the out-of-coverage sectors and which are at least 5 dB less than the scanning beam amplitude within the scanning beam region, and said OCI beams being shaped and directed to enter the approach region and overlap with equal beam intensity said prescribed approach path, said paired OCI beams providing said fixed-beam guidance signals in the aircraft. 
     
     
       5. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein for azimuth guidance the system includes MLS clearance beams transmitted in clearance sectors adjacent to the scanning beams approach region at MLS specified amplitudes such that each clearance beam amplitude exceeds the other clearance beam amplitude in the clearance sector of the other clearance beam by 15 dB and it exceeds the side lobe amplitudes of the scanning beam by at least 5 dB in its clearance sector and such that each clearance beam amplitude is at least 5 dB below the scanning beam amplitude at the edge of the scanning beam region, and said clearance beams entering the approach region and overlapping said prescribed approach path with equal beam intensity and providing said fixed-beam guidance signals in the aircraft. 
     
     
       6. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said fixed beam guidance beams are transmitted respectively within MLS intervals of time allocated to the transmission of the MLS scanning beam function but outside times actually used for the MLS scanning beam transmissions. 
     
     
       7. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the MLS includes an auxiliary guidance function time interval allocated for future MLS system growth, and wherein each fixed-beam guidance beam is transmitted during an MLS auxiliary guidance function time interval. 
     
     
       8. In .[.an MLS.]. .Iadd.a .Iaddend.landing system having ground located transmitting means and having MLS airborne receiving and processing means and having a repeating sequence of time intervals for accommodating plural diverse guidance functions which are transmitted in association with data identifying the type of function being transmitted, the possible guidance functions including scanning beam guidance functions comprising scanning beams scanned in first and second directions across a region which an aircraft is approaching for landing and including fixed beam guidance functions paired to overlap within the approach region along a prescribed approach path where their mutual intensities are equal, the method of providing instrument landing guidance within aircraft including the steps of: (a) receiving guidance function beams in the aircraft and providing output signals based thereon;   (b) processing the data associated with the output signals to determine the type of guidance function, as between scanning beam guidance function only, fixed beam guidance function only, and both scanning beam and fixed beam guidance functions; and   (c) processing the output signals appropriately as determined by the data associated therewith, and providing in the aircraft guidance signals which are based upon a single type of guidance function when only one type of guidance function is being transmitted, and which are based upon a comparison of both types of guidance functions when both types of guidance functions are being transmitted.   
     
     
       9. The method as claimed in claim 8, including the steps of alternately transmitting guidance functions in azimuth orientation and in elevation orientation, each accompanied by associated identifying data. 
     
     
       10. The method as claimed in claim 8, including the steps of transmitting during said repeating time sequences sector and preamble data for providing ground station identification and for use in the aircraft for signal acquisition and timing purposes. 
     
     
       11. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the system includes MLS OCI (out-of-course indication) beams transmitted in out-of-course sectors other than said approach region at MLS specified amplitudes for the OCI beams whose amplitudes are greater than any guidance beam amplitude in the out-of-course sectors and which are at least 5 dB less than the scanning beam amplitude when radiated within the scanning beam region, and said OCI beams being shaped and directed to enter the approach region and overlap with equal beam intensity said prescribed approach path, said paired OCI beams providing said fixed-beam guidance signals in the aircraft. 
     
     
       12. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein for azimuth guidance the system includes MLS clearance beams transmitted in clearance sectors adjacent to the scanning beam approach region at MLS specified amplitudes such that each clearance beam amplitude exceeds the other clearance beam amplitude in the clearance sector of the other clearance beam by 15 dB and it exceeds the side lobe amplitudes of the scanning beam when radiated by at least 5 dB in its clearance sector and such that each clearance beam amplitude is at least 5 dB below the scanning beam amplitude when radiated as measured at the edge of the scanning beam region, and said clearance beams entering the approach region and overlapping said prescribed approach path with equal beam intensity and providing said fixed-beam guidance signals in the aircraft. 
     
     
       13. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein said fixed beam guidance beams are transmitted respectively within MLS intervals of time allocated to the transmission of the MLS scanning beam function but outside times actually used for the MLS scanning beam transmissions. 
     
     
       14. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the MLS includes an auxiliary guidance function time interval allocated for future MLS system growth, and wherein each fixed-beam guidance beam is transmitted during an MLS auxiliary guidance function time interval. 
     
     
       15. Apparatus for providing MLS aircraft landing guidance and independently monitoring the accuracy of that guidance for an aircraft approaching along a prescribed path in an approach region, the apparatus transmitting from ground station means to airborne receiver means during repeating sequences of allocated MLS time intervals plural diverse guidance functions respectively including scanning beam guidance functions interspersed with fixed-beam guidance functions, the apparatus comprising: (a) at said ground station means, transmitter means selectively connected by radiation control logic means to ground based antenna means and operative for transmitting a scanning beam guidance function in its own time intervals which is radiated into said approach region and including a scanning beam scanning in first and second directions across said approach region, and for transmitting during non-interfering time intervals fixed-beam guidance functions including paired beams directed along opposite sides of the aircraft approach path such that the paired beams overlap said prescribed approach path by the same mount, whereby their beam intensities as measured along the path are mutually equal; and   (b) in said aircraft, receiver means coupled to programmed data processor means connected to landing guidance means, the receiver means being operative to receive signals based on guidance beam functions, and the processor means being operative to process the received signals based on the scanning beam function to provide a first output signal which varies in proportion to the time between the reception of the scanning beam passing in the first and second directions at the present location of the aircraft, and the processor means being operative to process received signals based on the fixed-beam guidance function by comparing their relative amplitudes to provide a second output signal which varies in proportion to the relative strengths of paired fixed-beam signals at the present location of the aircraft, and the processor means being operative to compare the first and second output signals and to deliver to the landing guidance means a guidance signal based on the first output signal when said first and second output signals substantially agree.   
     
     
       16. The apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein said transmitter means includes data encoder means enabled by the radiation control logic means to deliver to the transmitter means identifying data for radiation to the aircraft to indicate the types of guidance functions being transmitted, and said airborne data processor means being responsive to the nature of identifying data received and being rendered operative thereby to appropriately process received signals. 
     
     
       17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein said radiation control logic means is alternatively actuated by said transmitter means to radiate said scanning beam guidance function and said fixed-beam guidance function in azimuth orientation and in elevational orientation, each associated with transmitted identifying data. 
     
     
       18. The apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein said radiation control logic means is operative to actuate the transmitter means and antenna means to radiate MLS OCI (out-ot-course indication) beams transmitted in out-of-course sectors other than said approach region at MLS specified amplitudes of the OCI beams which amplitudes are greater than any guidance beam amplitude in the out-of-course sectors and which are at least 5 dB less than the scanning beam amplitude within the scanning beam region, and means for shaping and directing said OCI beams to enter the approach region and overlap with equal beam intensity said prescribed approach path, said paired OCI beams providing said fixed-beam guidance signals in the aircraft. 
     
     
       19. The apparatus as claimed in claim 16, wherein for azimuth guidance said radiation control logic means is operative to actuate the transmitter means and antenna means to radiate MLS clearance beams adjacent to the scanning beam at MLS specified amplitudes such that each clearance beam amplitude exceeds the other clearance beam amplitude in the clearance sector of the other clearance beam by 15 dB and it exceeds the side lobe amplitudes of the scanning beam by at least 5 dB in its clearance sector and such that each clearance beam amplitude is at least 5 dB below the scanning beam amplitude at the edge of the scanning beam approach region; and means for shaping and directing said clearance beams to enter the approach region and overlap with equal beam intensity at said prescribed approach path and provide said fixed-beam guidance signals in the aircraft. 
     
     
       20. The apparatus claimed in claim 16, wherein said radiation control logic means is operative to actuate the transmitter means and antenna means to radiate the overlapped fixed-beam guidance beams within intervals of time allocated to the transmission of the MLS scanning beam function but outside times actually used for the MLS scanning beam transmissions. 
     
     
       21. The apparatus claimed in claim 16, wherein the MLS includes an auxiliary guidance function time interval allocated to future growth of the MLS system, and wherein said radiation control logic means is operative to actuate the transmitter means and antenna means to radiate the fixed beam guidance beams during MLS auxiliary guidance function time intervals. 
     
     
       22. In an MLS landing system having multiple differently functioning ground stations for providing landing guidance for an aircraft approaching a station along a prescribed path in an approach region and wherein the ground station transmits diverse aircraft guidance functions to airborne receiver means in a repeating sequence of allocated MLS time intervals and transmits with said guidance functions associated data functions defining the types of guidance functions transmitted at that MLS ground station, improved MLS apparatus wherein: (a) the various MLS ground stations comprise transmitter means selectively connected by radiation control logic means to ground based antenna means which are selectively operable for transmitting at least one of diverse precision guidance functions in allocated time intervals in said sequence, which functions include a scanning beam guidance function radiated into said approach region and including a scanning beam scanned in first and second directions across said approach region, and which functions include fixed-beam guidance functions having paired beams directed along opposite sides of the aircraft approach path such that the paired beams overlap said prescribed approach path by the same amount, whereby their beam amplitudes as measured along the path are mutually equal; and   (b) the airborne MLS receiver means include means operative to receive transmitted functions and include programmed data processor means connected to the receiver means and operative in response to received data signals to process received guidance signals in the manner determined by associated data signals; the processor means being operative to process precision scanning beam signals to provide output signals which vary in proportion to the time between the passing of the scanning beams in said first and second directions at the present location of the aircraft; and the processor means being operative to process paired fixed-beam guidance signals by comparing their relative amplitudes to provide output signals which vary in proportion to the relative strengths of the fixed-beam received signals at the present location of the aircraft, and landing guidance means connected to the processor means and operative to receive a guidance signal based on one of said output signals;   (c) said processor means delivering to the landing guidance means guidance signals which are based upon a single type of guidance function when only one type of guidance function is being transmitted, and which are based upon a selected one of the guidance signals after a comparison of both types of signals when both types of guidance functions are being transmitted.   
     
     
       23. The apparatus as claimed in claim 22, wherein said radiation logic control means is operative to actuate the transmitter means and the antenna means alternatively to radiate said guidance functions in azimuth orientation and in elevational orientation, each in association with identifying data. 
     
     
       24. The apparatus as claimed in claim 22, wherein said radiation control logic means is operative to actuate the transmitter means and antenna means to radiate MLS OCI (out-of-course indication) beams transmitted in out-of-course sectors other than said approach region at MLS specified amplitudes of the OCI beams which amplitudes are greater than any guidance beam amplitude in the out-of-course sectors and which are at least 5 dB less than the scanning beam amplitude within the scanning beam region, and means for shaping and directing said OCI beams to enter the approach region and overlap with equal beam intensity said prescribed approach path, said paired OCI beams providing said fixed-beam guidance signals in the aircraft. 
     
     
       25. The apparatus as claimed in claim 22, wherein for azimuth guidance said radiation control logic means is operative to actuate the transmitter means and antenna means to radiate MLS clearance beams adjacent to the scanning beam when radiated at MLS specified amplitudes such that each clearance beam amplitude exceeds the other clearance beam amplitude in the clearance sector of the other clearance beam by 15 dB and it exceeds the side lobe amplitudes of the scanning beam when radiated by at least 5 dB in its clearance sector and such that each clearance beam amplitude is at least 5 dB below the scanning beam amplitude when radiated at the edge of the scanning beam approach region; and means for shaping and directing said clearance beams to enter the approach region and overlap with equal beam intensity at said prescribed approach path and provide said fixed-beam guidance signals in the aircraft. 
     
     
       26. The apparatus claimed in claim 22, wherein said radiation control logic means is operative to actuate the transmitter means and antenna means to radiate the overlapped fixed-beam guidance beams within intervals of time allocated to the transmission of the MLS scanning beam function but outside times actually used for the MLS scanning beam transmissions. 
     
     
       27. The apparatus claimed in claim 22, wherein the MLS includes an auxiliary guidance function time interval allocated to future growth of the MLS system, and wherein said radiation control logic means is operative to actuate the transmitter means and antenna means to radiate the fixed beam guidance beams during MLS auxiliary guidance function time intervals. .Iadd. 
     
     
       28.  A method of providing guidance for an aircraft along a path said aircraft having means for accommodating plural diverse guidance beam functions that are transmitted in association with data identifying the type of function being transmitted, said function including fixed beams that are paired to overlap along a guidance path where their mutual intensities are equal and MLS scanning beams comprising the steps of: (a) receiving guidance beam functions in said aircraft to provide output signals representative thereof;   (b) processing the data associated with said output signals to determine whether said received guidance beam function includes fixed beams or scanning beams; and   (c) processing said output signals in accordance with the determined type of guidance beam function to provide aircraft guidance signals based upon said guidance beam functions. .Iaddend. .Iadd.29. The method of providing guidance for an aircraft as recited in claim 28, wherein said fixed beams are transmitted respectively within MLS intervals of time allocated to the transmission of the MLS scanning beam function but outside of times actually used for the MLS scanning beam transmissions. .Iaddend. .Iadd.30. The method of providing guidance for an aircraft as recited in claim 28, wherein said fixed beams are transmitted during an MLS auxiliary guidance function time interval allocated for future MLS system growth. .Iaddend.   
     
     
        .Iadd.31.  The method of providing guidance for an aircraft as recited in claim 28, wherein said transmitting means transmits MLS OCI beams shaped to overlap said path with equal beam intensity to provide said fixed beam signals. .Iaddend. .Iadd.32. The system for guiding an aircraft along a path as recited in claim 28 wherein said transmitting means transmits MLS clearance beams, said clearance beams overlapping said path with equal beam intensity to provide said fixed beam signals. .Iaddend. .Iadd.33. A method of providing guidance for an aircraft along a path, said aircraft having means for receiving a plurality of guidance beam functions including MLS scanning beam guidance functions and means for processing said guidance beam functions to guide said aircraft along said path comprising: transmitting a preamble signal including a function identification code identifying a fixed beam guidance function;   transmitting a fixed beam guidance function subsequent to the transmission of said preamble, said fixed beam guidance function including at least one pair of fixed beam signals overlapping along a desired guidance path;   receiving said transmitted signals in said aircraft; and   processing said fixed beam signals in accordance with said preamble signal by comparing the relative intensities of said fixed beam signals to provide a guidance signal to guide said aircraft relative to said path. .Iaddend. .Iadd.34. A method of providing guidance for an aircraft as recited in claim 33 wherein said step of transmitting said preamble signal includes the step of transmitting a continuous wave carrier signal.   
     
     
        .Iaddend. .Iadd.35.  A method of providing guidance for an aircraft as recited in claim 33 wherein said step of transmitting said preamble signal includes the step of transmitting a receiver reference time synchronization code. .Iaddend. .Iadd.36. A method of providing guidance for an aircraft as recited in claim 33 wherein said step of transmitting said preamble signal includes the step of transmitting a continuous wave carrier signal followed by a receiver reference time synchronization code followed by said function identification code. .Iaddend. .Iadd.37. A system for guiding an aircraft along a path, said aircraft having means for receiving a plurality of guidance beam functions including MLS scanning beam guidance functions and means for processing said guidance beam functions to guide said aircraft along said path, comprising: means for transmitting a fixed beam guidance beam function having an identification code to identify said fixed beam guidance beam function signal and paired fixed beam signals with radiation patterns that overlap along said path such that the intensities of said signals are measured along said path are equal; and   means included in said aircraft processing means and responsive to said identification code for processing said fixed beam signals by comparing the relative intensities of said signals to guide said aircraft along said path. .Iaddend. .Iadd.38. The system for guiding an aircraft along a path as recited in claim 37 wherein said transmitting means transmits MLS OCI beams shaped to overlap said path with equal beam intensity to provide   
     
     
        said fixed beam signals. .Iaddend. .Iadd.39.  The system for guiding an aircraft along a path as recited in claim 37 wherein the system includes an auxiliary guidance function time interval allocated for future growth and wherein each fixed-beam guidance beam function is transmitted during an auxiliary guidance function time interval. .Iaddend. .Iadd.40. The system for guiding an aircraft along a path as recited in claim 37, wherein said transmitting means transmits MLS OCI beams shaped to overlap said path with equal beam intensity to provide said fixed beam signals. .Iaddend. .Iadd.41. The system for guiding an aircraft along a path as recited in claim 37 wherein said transmitting means transmits MLS clearance beams, said clearance beam overlapping said path with equal beam intensity to provide said fixed beam signals. .Iaddend. .Iadd.42. A system for guiding an aircraft along a path, said aircraft having means for receiving a plurality of guidance beam functions including MLS scanning beam guidance functions and means for processing said guidance beam functions to guide said aircraft along said path comprising: means for transmitting a fixed beam guidance beam function having a preamble signal encoded with an identification code to identify said fixed-beam guidance beam function and paired, fixed beam signals with radiation patterns that overlap said path such that the intensities of said signals as measured along said path are equal; and   means included in said aircraft processing means and responsive to said identification code for processing said fixed beam signals by comparing the relative intensities of said signals to guide said aircraft along said   
     
     
        path. .Iaddend. .Iadd.43.  The system for guiding an aircraft along a path as recited in claim 42 wherein said preamble signal includes a continuous wave carrier signal. .Iaddend. .Iadd.44. The system for guiding an aircraft along a path as recited in claim 42 wherein said preamble signal includes a receiver reference time synchronization code. .Iaddend. .Iadd.45. The system for guiding an aircraft along a path as recited in claim 42 wherein said preamble signal includes a continuous wave carrier signal followed by a receiver reference time synchronization code followed by said identification code. .Iaddend. .Iadd.46. In an aircraft landing guidance system having first means for transmitting a first guidance beam function, means in the aircraft for receiving guidance beam functions and means coupled to said receiving means for processing said first guidance beam function to provide first guidance output signals to guide an aircraft along a path, an independent monitoring system for monitoring the accuracy of said first guidance output signals comprising: transferring in a noninterfering manner with said first guidance beam function a second guidance beam function having paired, fixed beams with radiation patterns that overlap along said path such that the intensities of said signals as measured along said path are equal;   means included in said processing means for processing a second guidance beam function received by said aircraft receiving means by comparing the relative intensities of said fixed beam signals to provide second guidance output signals to guide said aircraft along said path; and   means for comparing said first guidance output signals and said second guidance output signals to determine whether said guidance output signals   
     
     
        are in agreement. .Iaddend. .Iadd.47.  An aircraft landing guidance system as recited in claim 46 including means for guiding said aircraft in accordance with either one of said first or second guidance output signals in the absence of the other of said guidance output signals. .Iaddend. .Iadd.48. In an aircraft landing guidance system having first means for transmitting a first guidance beam function, means in an aircraft for receiving guidance beam functions and means coupled to said receiving means for processing said first guidance beam function to provide first guidance output signals to guide an aircraft along a path, an independent monitoring system for monitoring the accuracy of said first guidance output signals comprising: transmitting in a noninterfering manner with said first guidance beam function a second guidance beam function;   means included in said processing means for processing a second guidance beam function received by said aircraft receiving means to provide second guidance output signals to guide said aircraft along said path; and   means for comparing said first guidance output signals and said second guidance output signals to determine whether said guidance output signals are in agreement. .Iaddend. .Iadd.49. A method of providing guidance for an aircraft along a path, said aircraft having means for accommodating plural diverse guidance beam functions that are transmitted in association with data identifying the type of function being transmitted, said functions including fixed beams that are paired to overlap along a guidance path where their mutual intensities are equal, comprising the steps of:   (a) receiving guidance beam functions in said aircraft to provide output signals representative thereof;   (b) processing the data associated with said output signals to determine whether said received guidance beam function includes fixed beams; and   (c) processing said output signals in accordance with the determined type of guidance beam function to provide aircraft guidance signals based upon said received guidance beam function. .Iaddend.