Methods And Systems For Separating Metals

Abstract

Methods and systems for separating a first metal and an impurity from a metal-containing feed stream are provided. The method can include applying solar energy, for example, by focusing one or more mirrors in one or more heliostats, to heat a metal-containing feed stream in a heating zone to a first temperature to produce a first vapor including the first metal. The first vapor can be condensed in a condensation zone to produce a first liquid including the first metal, and the first liquid can be collected. The system can include a separation unit include a heating zone in fluid communication with a condensation zone and a means for applying solar energy to heat a metal-containing feed stream disposed in the heating zone.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A method for separating an impurity from a metal-containing feed stream comprising a first metal and the impurity, the method comprising:
 (i) recovering the first metal by:
 applying solar energy using one or more heliostats to heat the metal-containing feed stream in a heating zone to a first temperature thereby producing a first vapor comprising the first metal, wherein the impurity does not substantially vaporize at the first temperature and the impurity remains in the metal-containing feed stream; 
 condensing the first vapor in a condensation zone at a second temperature to produce a first liquid comprising the first metal; and 
 collecting the first liquid comprising the first metal; and 
   (ii) recovering the impurity remaining in the metal-containing feed stream by:
 applying solar energy using the one or more heliostats to heat the metal-containing feed stream comprising the impurity in the heating zone to produce a second vapor comprising the impurity; and 
 condensing the second vapor to produce a second liquid comprising the impurity. 
   
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the metal-containing feed stream is derived from black sands, a metal mining stream, or a waste stream. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the impurity has a higher boiling point than the first metal. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the heating zone is maintained at a pressure less than or equal to about 100,000 Pa during heating of the metal-containing feed stream. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more heliostats comprise mirrors arranged to reflect sunlight to at least one focal vertex, and wherein the heating zone is disposed in proximity to the at least one focal vertex. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 5 , wherein the focal vertex is disposed at least about 25 meters above the mirrors. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the first metal is selected from the group consisting of platinum and palladium, and wherein the impurity is a non-metal impurity. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 7 , wherein the non-metal impurity comprising carbon, hydrogen, an oxide, a carbide, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the first temperature is greater than or equal to about 2,000° C. and less than or equal to about 4,000° C. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 1 , further comprising solidifying at least one of the first liquid and the second liquid via cooling. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the metal-containing feed stream further comprises a second metal and the method further comprises recovering the second metal from the metal-containing feed stream, wherein second metal is selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, and a basic metal. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more heliostats are arranged in an array or tower configuration. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 1 , further comprising maintaining the metal-containing feed stream in a liquid state using solar energy. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the metal-containing feed stream is in a form selected from the group consisting of a liquid state, a molten state, a powder, granules, and briquettes. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 1 , further comprising using wireless power routing to supplement the solar energy during non-peak solar conditions. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the condensation zone comprises a cooled surface configured to form the first and second liquids. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the second temperature is maintained between the melting point and boiling point of the first metal. 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the condensation zone is maintained at a second pressure different from a first pressure in the heating zone. 
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the metal-containing feed stream flows over a heated surface in the heating zone.