Primary Shell Structure Consisting of Plane Load-bearing Modules Made of Elements and Assembly Methods

Abstract

Primary shell structures consisting of plane load-bearing modules made of elements consisting of upper and lower secondary shell elements spaced apart from each other and joined by means of statically necessary filling bars, which include crossbars and diagonal bars, to form a double-shell plane load-bearing structure in the form of a primary shell structure

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A primary shell structures consisting of plane load-bearing modules made of elements consisting of upper and lower secondary shell elements spaced apart from each other and joined by means of statically necessary filling bars, which include crossbars ( 7 ) and diagonal bars ( 10 ), to form a double-shell plane load-bearing structure in the form of a primary shell structure, wherein the plane load-bearing modules consist of individual elements, each of which comprises two identically constructed secondary shell elements ( 1 ) which are plane-symmetrically opposite one another at a distance and which thus delimit the plane load-bearing module volume, and which are formed from plane elements ( 1 . 1 ), which have in each side surface several grooves ( 1 . 2 ) located next to one another and running parallel to the outer edges, in the geometric cross-sectional extension of which on both sides there are drilled holes ( 1 . 7 ), which are formed in the transverse direction preferably centrally by square tube pieces ( 1 . 6 ), which are installed in cut-outs at the corners of the plane elements ( 1 . 1 ) with one-sided projection perpendicularly in the direction of the surface of the secondary shell elements ( 1 ) towards the inside of the module and which also project beyond the surface of the plane elements ( 1 . 1 ), so that when several secondary shell elements ( 1 ) are placed next to each other, mutual gaps ( 2 ) are formed, which are bordered by the side surfaces of the adjacent plane elements ( 1 . 1 ) and by the respective projecting side surface areas of the square tube pieces ( 1 . 6 ), whereby the spacing and position of the two module-limiting secondary shell elements ( 1 ) is determined by crossbars ( 7 ) which consist, at least at their ends, of hollow profiles whose inner cross-sectional area corresponds to the outer area of the square tube pieces ( 1 . 6 ) lying against one another at the system nodes and which are inserted over the module-inside projections of the square tube pieces ( 1 . 6 ) and are then fastened in corresponding drilled holes with secured bolts or screws ( 8 ), so that no longer each plane load-bearing module has its own crossbars in each edge running at right angles to the secondary shell plane, but only one crossbar ( 7 ) is provided for all module corners abutting in a primary shell load-bearing node and whereby normal force elements ( 1 . 2 ), which consist of rods and, after passing through the adjacent drilled holes ( 1 . 7 ) in the square tube pieces ( 1 . 6 ), are initially or partially anchored in these with the aid of connecting sleeves or anchoring elements ( 1 . 5 ) or are initially or partially anchored next to these with the aid of connecting sleeves or anchoring elements ( 1 . 5 ). 
     
     
         2 . A method for assembling and disassembling buildings and other structures made of plane load-bearing modules, wherein these are assembled using the structural lifting method, whereby a foundation level is first constructed from foundation secondary shell elements ( 3 ), base elements ( 5 ), corner base elements ( 6 ) and foundation crossbars ( 9 ) and, after installing the diagonal bars ( 10 ) and/or transverse force frames ( 12 ) as well as installations and desired objects and devices, the primary shell structure is closed at foundation level by attaching and securing the secondary shell elements ( 1 ) from above, after which a next lower layer of secondary shell elements ( 1 ) is laid out, the crossbars ( 7 ) are attached and secured and all required or necessary installations, the necessary diagonal bars ( 10 ) and transverse force frames ( 12 ) are installed and the upper secondary shell elements ( 1 ) are attached and secured, whereby module-sized openings are left in this primary shell structure, into which structural lifting equipment is placed on the foundation level, with which the entire primary shell structure or, in the case of large building footprints, appropriate sections are lifted upwards by a story height plus an assembly allowance, after which a next primary shell structure is constructed in the same way at the foundation level and all walls, columns and possibly already parts of the equipment and furnishings are installed between the two last primary shell structures constructed, to then lower the upper primary shell structure by the assembly allowance and fix it in place to ensure load transfer, after which the entire finished building section above the foundation level is lifted upwards and the process is repeated until the desired number of stories is reached or the lifting equipment has exhausted its load-bearing capacity, whereby the method can also be applied in sections for tall buildings by extending the lifting equipment upwards or repositioning it at higher levels, which may then make it necessary to temporarily support the installation areas, and finally the lifting openings are closed as soon as possible by inserting and fixing the missing secondary shell elements, whereby segments of primary shell structures pre-assembled and pre-installed in the factory are delivered to the construction site, assembled there and integrated into the structural lifting process and whereby the structural lifting process, when used in existing buildings of this construction, enables the retrofitting or removal of structural floors, for which purpose the wall/ceiling connections on the top or bottom can be released, the part of the structure that can be moved upwards must be lifted and a new floor inserted or removed. 
     
     
         3 . The method according to  claim 2 ,
 wherein alternatively, the plane load-bearing modular elements can also be assembled and fixed individually or in pre-assembled segments, whereby temporary supports would also be necessary, which could be used above all for small buildings such as detached houses, as the individual elements can even be assembled by hand, at least in part.   
     
     
         4 . Modification of primary shell structures made of plane load-bearing modules consisting of elements,
 wherein the secondary shell elements ( 1 ) are produced in such a way that both secondary shell elements ( 1 ) are made of moisture-resistant and robust material such as reinforced concrete and there is no gap ( 2 ) between the secondary shell elements ( 1 ) and foundation secondary shell elements ( 3 ), for which no gap ( 2 ) results in any case, are also used at the lower level, whereby instead of the grooves ( 1 . 2 ) in the side surfaces of the plane elements ( 1 . 1 ), corresponding continuous holes are provided here next to the side surfaces of the now modified secondary shell elements ( 1 ) and foundation secondary shell elements ( 3 ), through which the required reinforcement is threaded after partial or complete assembly of the primary shell structure and anchored in recesses provided for this purpose and at points at which normal force elements ( 1 . 3 ) end or are extended in a staggered manner, recesses are made in the modified secondary shell elements ( 1 ), each of which starts from the inside of the secondary shell elements ( 1 ) and partially exposes the continuous holes for receiving the normal force elements ( 1 . 3 ), in which connecting sleeves or anchoring elements ( 1 . 5 ) for normal force elements ( 1 . 3 ) are installed, the lateral end of these primary shell structures being formed by C-shaped modified base elements ( 5 ) which have additional upper, horizontal legs symmetrical to the lower ones.