Method and plant for disposing of wastes composed of plastic materials and biomasses

Abstract

A pyrolysis plant for the treatment of solid and liquid waste materials is described, comprising: a first section ( 100 ), suitable for carrying out a pyrolysis of this solid and liquid waste materials, this pyrolysis producing synthesis gas, syngas, and residual ash; a second section ( 200 ) adapted to carry out a separation of the lighter fraction of this ash, coal dust or carbon black, from the syngas, the lighter fraction being transported by the syngas; a third section ( 300 ), suitable for carrying out a fractional distillation of the syngas, obtaining the separation of the volatile fraction of the syngas from a bituminous residue, tar; a fourth section ( 400 ), adapted to carry out a recycling of the bituminous residue of the fractional distillation, for a further treatment; and a fifth final emergency section, including, in addition to safety pumps which will automatically intervene in the event of a system failure, all safety systems.

1 - 14 . (canceled) 
     
     
         15 . A pyrolysis plant for the treatment of solid and liquid waste materials, comprising:
 a first section, suitable for carrying out a pyrolysis of the solid and liquid waste materials, the pyrolysis producing synthesis gas, syngas, and residual ash;   a second section adapted to carry out a separation of a lighter fraction of the ash, of coal dust or carbon black, from the syngas, the lighter fraction being transported by the syngas;   a third section, suitable for carrying out a fractional distillation of the syngas, obtaining a separation of a volatile fraction of the syngas from a bituminous residue, tar;   a fourth section, adapted to carry out a recycling of the bituminous residue of the fractional distillation, for a further treatment; and   a fifth final emergency section, the final section including, in addition to safety pumps that will automatically intervene in the event of a system failure, all necessary safety systems for dealing with an emergency,   
       wherein the first section, suitable for carrying out the pyrolysis of the solid and liquid waste materials, comprises a cylinder, or pyrolysis chamber, rotating around its own axis and provided with:
 external insulation; 
 means able to cause, by means of the rotation, the advancement of the material contained in the cylinder, the means able to cause, by means of the rotation, the advancement of the material contained in the cylinder, comprising an Archimedes screw; 
 solid waste loading means positioned at a first end of the pyrolysis cylinder; 
 heating means, the heating means comprising at least one radio frequency induction generator, each of the generators being connected to a coil, inside which the pyrolysis cylinder rotates slowly, the coil transmitting the high frequency induced current created by the at least one generator in such a way that the pyrolysis cylinder becomes the seat of eddy currents which heat it by the Joule effect; 
 means for rotating the cylinder. 
 
     
     
         16 . The pyrolysis plant of claim  1 , wherein the means for rotating the cylinder comprise a first motor-reducer unit, and the means for loading solid waste, positioned at the first end of the pyrolysis cylinder, comprise an auger, fed by a hopper and rotated by a second motor-reduction unit. 
     
     
         17 . The pyrolysis plant of claim  2 , wherein the screw feeds the solid waste with a compression ratio of approximately 1:200 and is preheated to a suitable temperature, depending on the type of waste, to allow forming a cap to prevent both syngas leaks and oxygen infiltrations in the pyrolysis chamber. 
     
     
         18 . The pyrolysis plant of claim  1 , wherein the second section, suitable for carrying out the separation of the lighter fraction of the ash, coal dust or carbon black, from the syngas, comprises a quenching chamber in which the syngas coming out of the pyrolysis chamber is collected, at least one duct being provided for conveying the syngas towards at least one cyclone inside which the syngas is treated in such a way as to carry out the separation from the coal dust, carbon black, transported by the syngas, the dust being discharged through a lower opening of the at least one cyclone, while from the upper part the thus purified syngas is released. 
     
     
         19 . The pyrolysis plant of claim  1 , wherein the third section, suitable for carrying out the fractional distillation of the syngas, comprises a column, comprising:
 ducts, positioned in the lower part of the column, through which the syngas coming from the separator cyclones enters;   an outlet, positioned in the upper part of the column, from which the syngas comes out after separation from the bituminous residue, tar, the syngas being conveyed towards a blower capable of creating a slight depression in the chamber pyrolysis and to send the syngas towards the washing columns;   an outlet, positioned in the lower part of the column, from which the bituminous residue comes out;   
       wherein the fractional distillation column further comprises a duct, which enters the upper part of the column, into which cooling water is passed, the water crossing a coil and exiting, in the form of superheated steam, from a duct. 
     
     
         20 . The pyrolysis plant of claim  1 , wherein the fourth section, adapted to carry out the recycling of the bituminous residue of the fractional distillation, comprises:
 a turbo-mixer, driven by a third motor-reduction unit, into which the bituminous residue is inserted;   a duct, through which carbon black coming from the cyclones is inserted into the turbo-mixer;   a duct, through which liquid waste, vegetable oils and exhausted fats, are inserted into the turbo-mixer;   
       wherein, in the turbo-mixer, an emulsion is produced which is inserted into the pyrolysis chamber; and, wherein the fourth section further comprises a conduit through which the superheated steam coming from the fractional distillation column is introduced into the pyrolysis chamber, through the conduit. 
     
     
         21 . A pyrolysis plant for the disposal of waste consisting of plastic materials or biomass, and of all organic materials that contain carbon in their molecules, the plant including:
 a waste feeding system; and   the pyrolysis plant of claim  1 , wherein the first section is operationally connected to the waste feeding system and consists of a concentric cylinder made of bimetallic material equipped with an Archimedes screw, the cylinder being externally insulated and slowly rotating around its own axis, the cylinder being operatively connected to the second section.   
     
     
         22 . The pyrolysis plant of claim  7 , wherein the first section comprises a reactor heated by two or more induced current generators with a frequency between 1.5 and 5 KHz so that the cylinder becomes the seat of eddy currents designed to heat it by the Joule effect and bring the temperatures inside the reactor between 650 and 750° C. at which the pyrolysis process takes place, each of the generators being connected to a coil inside which the cylinder rotates with a speed determined by the PLC and calculated by the PLC according to the transformation times of the individual matrices introduced, the cylinder having a diameter between 1200 and 1500 mm and a length between 9 and 12 m, and being equipped with a system controlled by a gear motor suitable for its rotation as well as a system suitable for absorbing the expansion due to temperatures, the cylinder, in its ends, being insulated with a packing housed in a groove and kept under pressure by a series of springs and also having a second nitrogen gas safety insulation system, inside the cylinder, with continuous temperature control by means of thermocouples and laser probes as well as a control of the internal pressures which, by means of a system of vacuum pumps, keeps the cylinder and the final stilling chamber at a slight depression, of about 0.7 mbar, with respect to the external atmospheric pressure, the cylinder and the heating and movement and control systems being placed inside a Faraday cage to isolate the outside from internal induced currents. 
     
     
         23 . The pyrolysis plant of claim  7 , wherein the second section, suitable for receiving the syngas from the cylinder, consists of a stilling chamber where the thermochemical reactions induced by the radio-magnetic waves take place, and syngas and lighter fractions are separated from ashes, the calm or ionic coupling chamber being equipped with a system of augers for the extraction of ashes, the augers controlled by PLC remaining constantly full of ash which it acts as a cap to prevent the escape of gases and the entry of external air, in the final part being equipped with a one-way safety valve. 
     
     
         24 . The pyrolysis plant of claim  7 , wherein the third cooling and distillation section of the syngas is designed to separate the syngas into a condensable part and a solid part by means of a distillation column and a centrifugal separator, the third section being also equipped with a refrigeration plant or an ORC system for recovering and transforming heat into energy, the centrifugal separator dividing the condensed products and solids from the cooling water, to then send the condensed and divided products at the beginning of the cycle for a second distillation, or the separated products will be stored for their industrial use. 
     
     
         25 . The pyrolysis plant of claim  7 , wherein the fourth washing section, suitable for receiving the syngas cooled below 80° C., is designed, by means of two cooling towers containing a mixture water, the first one slightly acidic and the second one weakly basic, to provide, as well as a further cooling of the syngas which is in a phase of completion of the catalysis process, to ensure that the PH remains between the values of 6 and 7 throughout the process, any condensed high-boiling hydrocarbons being separated from the water by means of centrifugal separators and sent back to the start of the cycle, while, subsequently, the gas passes into an activated carbon filtration column to lose moisture, as well as activated carbon, the fourth section being equipped with a filtering system pushed to eliminate any formation of any pollutants present. 
     
     
         26 . The pyrolysis plant of claim  7 , wherein, in the fifth final section, in the event of an emergency, the syngas produced, after washing, is sent to an emergency torch, the induction generators are switched off automatically and the pyrolysis chamber and the stilling chamber are washed with nitrogen gas, the fifth safety section also including an emergency connection system equipped with appropriate valves designed to convey gas to the emergency torch of the pyrolysis chamber in case of failure, the fifth section also comprising a plant for the production of nitrogen by separation and the relative nitrogen storage tank. 
     
     
         27 . A method for the treatment of solid and liquid waste, carried out by means of the plant of claim  1 , the method providing for a pyrolysis treatment, of the solid and liquid waste, from which a synthesis gas, syngas, and an inert residue are obtained, the method comprising the steps of subjecting the pyrolysis products to fractional distillation and sending the bituminous residues, tar, of the fractional distillation to a new pyrolysis cycle, the solid waste including plastic materials and biomasses and being loaded directly into the pyrolysis chamber in which they undergo the pyrolysis treatment, the liquid waste comprising exhausted oils and fats which are inserted into the pyrolysis chamber after mixing with the bituminous residues, tar, coming from the fractional distillation of pyrolysis products. 
     
     
         28 . A method for the disposal of waste consisting of plastic materials or biomass, and of all organic materials containing carbon in their molecules, carried out by means of the plant of claim  7 , the method being also based on the principle that, when a molecule is introduced into an electric field, it orients itself according to its dipole and, if the electric field is repeatedly inverted, the molecule is forced to reposition itself at each inversion of the field and this causes a heating of the molecules the more efficient the closer the resonance frequency of the molecule is, but heating also occurs even when the frequencies are different from those of resonance, this method being initially based on the heating of the molecules within an electric field, up to their splitting with the formation of a synthesis gas, syngas, mainly composed of CO—CO 2 —H 2 —O 2 , while, subsequently, the cylinder acts as a directional antenna and, due to the effect of the induced electromagnetic field, the molecular disorder generated by the temperature undergoes an energetic contribution made by the radio frequency waves and the components of the syngas ionize strongly, interact with the superheated steam and create new ordered structures that are addressed by the PLC control of the radio frequency originating mainly CH 4 .