Organic light-emitting device and electronic apparatus including the same

Abstract

Provided are an organic light-emitting device and an electronic apparatus including the same. The organic light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein the emission layer includes a first host and a first dopant, and the first host and the first dopant each satisfy Equations 1-1 and 1-2. In Equations 1-1 and 1-2, T1(H1)onset, T1(D1)onset, T1(H1)max, and T1(D1)max are understood by referring to the description provided herein.T1(H1)onset≥T1(D1)onset  Equation 1-1T1(H1)max≥T1(D1)max.  Equation 1-2

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . An organic light-emitting device comprising:
 a first electrode;   a second electrode facing the first electrode; and   an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising an emission layer,   wherein the emission layer comprises a first host, a second host, a first dopant and a second dopant,   the first host is a compound comprising a hole transport moiety,   the second host is a compound comprising an electron transport moiety,   the first host and the second host form an exciplex,   the first host and the first dopant each satisfy Equations 1-1 and 1-2, and   the second dopant is a fluorescent dopant or a delayed fluorescent dopant satisfying Equation 3-3:
     T 1( H 1) onset   ≥T 1( D 1) onset   Equation 1-1
 
     T 1( H 1) max   ≤T 1( D 1) max ,  Equation 1-2
 
   wherein, in Equations 1-1 and 1-2,   T1(H1) onset  is triplet energy at an onset wavelength (λ onset ) of the first host,   T1(D1) onset  is triplet energy at an onset wavelength of the first dopant,   T1(H1) max  is triplet energy at a maximum emission wavelength (Amax) of the first host, and   T1(D1) max  is triplet energy at a maximum emission wavelength of the first dopant,
     S 1( D 2)− T 1( D 2)≤0.3 eV,  Equation 3-3
 
   wherein, in Equation 3-3,   S1(D2) is a singlet energy of the second dopant, and   T1(D2) is a triplet energy of the second dopant.   
     
     
         2 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein the first host and the first dopant each satisfy Equation 2-1:
     T 1( H 1) max   ≤T 1( D 1) max   ≤T 1( H 1) max +0.5 eV,  Equation 2-1
   wherein, in Equation 2-1,   T1(H1) max  is triplet energy at the maximum emission wavelength of the first host,   T1(D1) max  is triplet energy at the maximum emission wavelength of the first dopant.   
     
     
         3 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein the first host is a hole transport compound that does not comprise an electron transport moiety. 
     
     
         4 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein the first host and the first dopant form an exciplex. 
     
     
         5 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein the first host satisfies Equation 3-1:
     S 1( H 1)− T 1( H 1)≤0.3 eV,  Equation 3-1
   wherein, in Equation 3-1,   S1(H1) is a singlet energy of the first host, and   T1(H1) is a triplet energy of the first host.   
     
     
         6 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein the second host is represented by Formula 2: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein, in Formula 2, 
         X 21  is N or C(R 21 ), X 22  is N or C(R 22 ), X 23  is N or C(R 23 ), X 24  is N or C(R 24 ), X 25  is N or C(R 25 ), and X 26  is N or C(R 26 ), wherein at least one selected from X 21  to X 26  is N, 
         R 21  to R 26  are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60  aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and 
         at least one selected from R 21  to R 26  is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60  aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. 
       
     
     
         7 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein the first dopant is a fluorescent dopant or a delayed fluorescent dopant satisfying Equation 3-2:
     S 1( D 1)− T 1( D 1)≤0.3 eV,  Equation 3-2
   wherein, in Equation 3-2,   S1(D1) is a singlet energy of the first dopant, and   T1(D1) is a triplet energy of the first dopant.   
     
     
         8 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein the emission layer emits blue light having a maximum emission wavelength of about 440 nm or more and about 490 nm or less. 
     
     
         9 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein the amount of the first host in the emission layer is larger than the amount of the first dopant. 
     
     
         10 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein a ratio of an emission component emitted from the first dopant to a total emission component emitted from the emission layer is 80% or more. 
     
     
         11 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein
 the first dopant and the second dopant are each independently a heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 11:
   (Ar 1 ) n1 —(L 1 ) m1 —(Ar 2 ) n2 ,  Formula 11
 
   wherein, in Formula 11,   L 1  is a C 5 -C 60  carbocyclic group or a C 1 -C 60  heterocyclic group,   n1 and n2 are each independently an integer from 0 to 3, and satisfy n1+n2≥1,   m1 is an integer from 0 to 5, and   Ar 1  and Ar 2  are each independently a group represented by Formula 11A or 11B:   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein, in Formulae 11A and 11B, 
         Y 1  and Y 2  are each independently selected from a single bond, —O—, —S—, —C(R 10a )(R 10b )—, —N(R 10a )—, Si(R 10a )(R 10b )—, —C(═O)—, —S(═O) 2 , —B(R 10a )—, —P(R 10a )—, and —P(═O)(R 10a )(R 10b )—, 
         k1 and k2 are each independently 0 or 1, and satisfy k1+k2≥1, 
         CY 1  and CY 2  are each independently a C 5 -C 60  carbocyclic group or a C 1 -C 60  heterocyclic group, 
         X 1  to X 3  are each independently C or N, 
         when X 1  to X 3  are each C, at least one of R 30 (s) is a cyano group, 
         R 10a , R 10b , R 10 , R 20 , and R 30  are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 60  alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 60  alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 10  cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60  aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60  aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60  arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q 1 )(Q 2 )(Q 3 ), —N(Q 1 )(Q 2 ), —B(Q 1 )(Q 2 ), —C(═O)(Q 1 ), —S(═O) 2 (Q 1 ), and —P(═O)(Q 1 )(Q 2 ), 
         a10 and a20 are each independently an integer from 1 to 10, 
         a30 is an integer from 1 to 6, 
         two or more of R 10a , R 10b , R 10 , and R 20  are optionally linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C 5 -C 60  carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heterocyclic group, 
         when a30 is 2 or more, two or more R 30 (s) are optionally linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted Cs-Coo carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heterocyclic group, 
         at least one selected from R 10a , R 10b , R 10 , and R 20  in Formula 11A is a binding site to L 1  or Ar 1 , 
         at least one of R 30 (s) in Formula 11B is a binding site to L 1  or Ar 1 , 
         at least one substituent of the substituted Cs-Coo carbocyclic group, the substituted C 1 -C 60  heterocyclic group, the substituted C 1 -C 60  alkyl group, the substituted C 2 -C 60  alkenyl group, the substituted C 2 -C 60  alkynyl group, the substituted C 1 -C 60  alkoxy group, the substituted C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl group, the substituted C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C 3 -C 10  cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C 6 -C 60  aryl group, the substituted C 6 -C 60  aryloxy group, the substituted C 6 -C 60  arylthio group, the substituted C 1 -C 60  heteroaryl group, the substituted C 1 -C 60  heteroaryloxy group, the substituted C 1 -C 60  heteroarylthio group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is selected from: 
         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C 1 -C 60  alkyl group, a C 2 -C 60  alkenyl group, a C 2 -C 60  alkynyl group, and a C 1 -C 60  alkoxy group; 
         a C 1 -C 60  alkyl group, a C 2 -C 60  alkenyl group, a C 2 -C 60  alkynyl group, and a C 1 -C 60  alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl group, a C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkyl group, a C 3 -C 10  cycloalkenyl group, a C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkenyl group, a C 6 -C 60  aryl group, a C 6 -C 60  aryloxy group, a C 6 -C 60  arylthio group, a C 1 -C 60  heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q 11 )(Q 12 )(Q 13 ), —N(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), —B(Q 11 )(Q 12 ), —C(═O)(Q 11 ), —S(═O) 2 (Q 11 ), and —P(═O)(Q 11 )(Q 12 ); 
         a C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl group, a C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkyl group, a C 3 -C 10  cycloalkenyl group, a C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkenyl group, a C 6 -C 60  aryl group, a C 6 -C 60  aryloxy group, a C 6 -C 60  arylthio group, a C 1 -C 60  heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; 
         a C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl group, a C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkyl group, a C 3 -C 10  cycloalkenyl group, a C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkenyl group, a C 6 -C 60  aryl group, a C 6 -C 60  aryloxy group, a C 6 -C 60  arylthio group, a C 1 -C 60  heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —C 1 , —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C 1 -C 10  alkyl group, a C 2 -C 60  alkenyl group, a C 2 -C 60  alkynyl group, a C 1 -C 60  alkoxy group, a C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl group, a C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkyl group, a C 3 -C 10  cycloalkenyl group, a C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkenyl group, a C 6 -C 60  aryl group, a C 6 -C 60  aryloxy group, a C 6 -C 60  arylthio group, a C 1 -C 60  heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q 21 )(Q 22 )(Q 23 ), —N(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), —B(Q 21 )(Q 22 ), —C(═O)(Q 21 ), —S(═O) 2 (Q 21 ), and —P(═O)(Q 21 )(Q 22 ); and 
         —Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 ), —N(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), —B(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), —C(═O)(Q 31 ), —S(═O) 2 (Q 31 ), and —P(═O)(Q 31 )(Q 32 ), and 
         Q 1  to Q 3 , Q 11  to Q 13 , Q 21  to Q 23 , and Q 31  to Q 33  are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C 1 -C 60  alkyl group, a C 2 -C 60  alkenyl group, a C 2 -C 60  alkynyl group, a C 1 -C 60  alkoxy group, a C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl group, a C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkyl group, a C 3 -C 10  cycloalkenyl group, a C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkenyl group, a C 6 -C 60  aryl group, a C 1 -C 10  heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group. 
       
     
     
         12 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 11 , wherein at least one selected from Ar 1  and Ar 2  is a group represented by one selected from Formulae 11(1) to 11(4): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein, in Formulae 11(1) to 11(4), 
         Y 11  to Y 14  are each independently selected from a single bond, —O—, —S—, —C(R 15 )(R 16 )—, —N(R 15 )—, Si(R 15 )(R 16 )—, —C(═O) 2 —, —S(═O) 2 —, —B(R 15 )—, —P(R 15 )—, and —P(═O)(R 15 )(R 16 )—, 
         Y 15  is N, B, or P, 
         CY 11  to CY 14  are each independently selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, and a dibenzosilole group, 
         R 11  to R 16  are each independently selected from a binding site to Li 1  or Ar 1 , hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 60  alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 60  alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 10  cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60  aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60  aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60  arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q 1 )(Q 2 )(Q 3 ), —N(Q 1 )(Q 2 ), —B(Q 1 )(Q 2 ), —C(═O)(Q 1 ), —S(═O) 2 (Q 1 ), and —P(═O)(Q 1 )(Q 2 ), 
         at least two substituents selected from R 11  to R 16  are optionally linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C 5 -Coo carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heterocyclic group, 
         at least one selected from R 11  to R 16  is a binding site to L 1  or Ar 1 , 
         a11 to a14 are each independently an integer from 1 to 6, and 
         Q 1  to Q 3  are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C 1 -C 60  alkyl group, a C 2 -C 60  alkenyl group, a C 2 -C 60  alkynyl group, a C 1 -C 60  alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group. 
       
     
     
         13 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 11 , wherein L 1  is a single bond or a group represented by one selected from Formulae 3-1 to 3-35: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-35, 
         X 11  is *—O—*′, *—S—*′, or *—N(Z 15 )—*′, 
         Z 1  to Z 4 , Z 11 , Z 12 , and Z 15  are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C 1 -C 20  alkyl group, a C 1 -C 20  alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, and —Si(Q 31 )(Q 32 )(Q 33 ), 
         Q 31  to Q 33  are each independently selected from a C 1 -C 10  alkyl group, a C 1 -C 10  alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, 
         d2 is an integer from 0 to 2, 
         d3 is an integer from 0 to 3, 
         d4 is an integer from 0 to 4, 
         d5 is an integer from 0 to 5, 
         d6 is an integer from 0 to 6, 
         d8 is an integer from 0 to 8, and 
         * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom. 
       
     
     
         14 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 11 , wherein R 10a , R 10b , R 10 , R 20 , and R 30  are each independently selected from:
 hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-propoxy group, an isopropoxy group, an n-butoxy group, a sec-butoxy group, an isobutoxy group, and a tert-butoxy group; and   a group represented by one selected from Formulae 5-1 to 5-26 and 6-1 to 6-55:   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein, in Formulae 5-1 to 5-26 and 6-1 to 6-55, 
         Y 3 , and Y 32  are O, S, C(Z 33 )(Z 34 ), N(Z 33 ), or Si(Z 33 )(Z 34 ), 
         Z 31  to Z 34  are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C 1 -C 20  alkyl group, a C 1 -C 20  alkenyl group, a C 1 -C 20  alkynyl group, a C 1 -C 20  alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a carbazolyl group, and a triazinyl group, 
         e2 is 1 or 2, 
         e3 is an integer from 1 to 3, 
         e4 is an integer from 1 to 4, 
         e5 is an integer from 1 to 5, 
         e6 is an integer from 1 to 6, 
         e7 is an integer from 1 to 7, 
         e9 is an integer from 1 to 9, and 
         * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom. 
       
     
     
         15 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein the second dopant is a fluorescent dopant. 
     
     
         16 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein the fluorescent dopant includes a compound represented by Formula 501, or selected from the following compounds: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         in Formula 501, 
         Ar 501  is a substituted or unsubstituted C 5 -C 60  carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heterocyclic group, 
         L 501  to L 503  are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 10  cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 10  cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60  arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, 
         xd1 to xd3 are each independently an integer from 0 to 3, 
         R 501  and R 502  are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 10  cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 10  cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10  heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60  aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60  aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60  arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 60  heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and 
         xd4 is an integer from 1 to 6. 
       
     
     
         17 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 , wherein
 the first electrode is an anode,   the second electrode is a cathode,   the organic layer further comprises a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode,   the hole transport region comprises a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and   the electron transport region comprises a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.   
     
     
         18 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 17 , wherein
 the hole transport region comprises a p-dopant, and   the p-dopant has a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of about −3.5 eV or less.   
     
     
         19 . The organic light-emitting device of  claim 17 , wherein the electron transport region comprises a metal-containing material. 
     
     
         20 . An electronic apparatus comprising:
 the organic light-emitting device of  claim 1 ; and   a thin-film transistor,   wherein the first electrode of the organic light-emitting device is in electrical contact with one of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.