Negative emission, large scale carbon capture for clean fossil fuel power generation

Abstract

Systems and methods for eliminating carbon dioxide and capturing solid carbon are disclosed. By eliminating carbon dioxide gas, e.g., from an effluent exhaust stream of a fossil fuel fired electric power production facility, the inventive concepts presented herein represent an environmentally-clean solution that permanently eliminates greenhouse gases while at the same time producing captured solid carbon products that are useful in various applications including advanced composite material synthesis (e.g., carbon fiber, 3D graphene) and energy storage (e.g., battery technology). Capture of solid carbon during the disclosed process for eliminating greenhouse gasses avoids the inefficiencies and risks associated with conventional carbon dioxide sequestration. Colocation of the disclosed reactor with a fossil fuel fired power production facility brings to bear an environmentally beneficial, and financially viable approach for permanently capturing vast amounts of solid carbon from carbon dioxide gas and other greenhouse gases that would otherwise be released into Earth's biosphere.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A system for producing solid carbon from carbon dioxide gas and water, the system comprising:
 one or more flow inlets configured to direct carbon dioxide and water into a reactor configured to dissociate the carbon dioxide and the water into one or more dissociated species using a plasma generated within a volume of the reactor;   a voltage generator configured to generate a pulsed electric field within the volume of the reactor; and   a receptacle configured to receive solid carbon generated within the volume of the reactor.   
     
     
         2 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , comprising a gas-solid separator configured to separate the solid carbon from:
 one or more byproducts of dissociating the carbon dioxide and the water; and/or   one or more byproducts of one or more chemical reactions occurring within the volume of the reactor in which the pulsed electric field is generated.   
     
     
         3 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , comprising a control circuit coupled to the reactor, wherein control circuit is configured to modulate a frequency and/or a duty cycle of a control signal provided to the reactor. 
     
     
         4 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein generating the electric field within the volume of the reactor facilitates one or more chemical reactions within the volume of the reactor; and
 wherein the chemical reactions include:   a first reaction configured to generate solid carbon from carbon monoxide and water in a single step; and   a second reaction configured to generate solid carbon from carbon monoxide and water in two steps.   
     
     
         5 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more flow inlets is configured to operatively couple with a source of an effluent exhaust stream collected from a power generation facility, and wherein the carbon dioxide and the water are components of the effluent exhaust stream. 
     
     
         6 . The system as recited in  claim 5 , wherein generating the solid carbon reduces a carbon footprint of the power generation facility. 
     
     
         7 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , comprising: a plurality of electrodes coupled to the reactor, wherein the plurality of electrodes are configured to modulate the electric field. 
     
     
         8 . The system as recited in  claim 7 , wherein at least two of the plurality of electrodes are characterized by an approximately 180-degree phase difference. 
     
     
         9 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the electric field is characterized by a variable strength along a length of the reactor. 
     
     
         10 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the electric field comprises an alternating current (AC) field, and/or a pulsed direct current (DC) field. 
     
     
         11 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the reactor comprises:
 a microwave energy source; and   a waveguide; and   wherein the microwave energy source and the waveguide are cooperatively configured to generate the plasma.   
     
     
         12 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the reactor comprises one or more energy sources coupled to the reactor; and wherein each energy source is independently configured to control temperature and/or pressure within a portion of the reactor. 
     
     
         13 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the plasma is a microwave plasma. 
     
     
         14 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the plasma is a pulsed plasma. 
     
     
         15 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the plasma is a non-equilibrium plasma. 
     
     
         16 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the plasma is characterized by an energy of approximately 100 electron volts (eV). 
     
     
         17 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the plasma is characterized by a frequency in a range from about one gigahertz to about five gigahertz. 
     
     
         18 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the voltage generator is coupled to an extended length plasma zone of the reactor, or an extended length afterglow zone of the reactor. 
     
     
         19 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the solid carbon comprises one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, carbon nano-onions (CNOs), necked CNOs, carbon nanospheres, graphite, pyrolytic graphite, graphene, graphene nanoparticles, graphene platelets, fullerenes, hybrid fullerenes, single-walled nanotubes, and multi-walled nanotubes. 
     
     
         20 . The system as recited in  claim 1 , wherein the dissociating is driven by electron(s) impacting the carbon dioxide and the water.