Formation and use of embedded solutions in nanoscale materials

Abstract

Provided herein are methods and materials that allow targeting and imaging of interactions between probes and targets. In some embodiments, the probes include nanoscale materials with embedded solutions that can be used to measure physical enhancement by materials under X-ray irradiation. In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention include delivering a probe material to a target that can have a delivered donor material. In some embodiments, methods of the present invention include irradiating the target and determining an optical change in the probe characteristic of a physical enhancement.

1 . A method of confirming a targeting operation, the method comprising:
 delivering a donor material to a target;   delivering a probe to the target, wherein the probe couples with the donor material;   irradiating the target;   determining an optical change in the probe resulting from irradiating the target;   delivering a solution to dislodge the probe from the donor material; and   extracting the probe from the target, wherein the target is in a living organism.   
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 functionalizing the donor material to seek the target; and   functionalizing the probe to conjugate with the donor material.   
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the target comprises cancerous tissue in the living organism, and wherein extracting the probe comprises a blood draw. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the solution comprises a pH of within a range of 8.0-8.5, and wherein the solution severs the coupling between the probe and the donor material. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the probe comprises dye molecules, and wherein determining the optical change in the probe comprises detecting destruction of the dye molecules. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the donor material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of lanthanide oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, platinum, gold, bismuth, and uranium-238. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the donor material comprises a nanomaterial having a diameter between about 25 nm and about 1,000 nm. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the probe comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 , ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CaP, polystyrene, and poly N-isopropylacrylamide. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 8 , wherein the probe further comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, 3′-(p aminophenyl) fluorescein, 2-[6-(4V-amino)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl] benzoic acid (APF), dihydroethidine (DHE), dihydrorhodamine, 4′,5′-diaminofluorescein, sulforhodamine B, calcein, and fluorescein. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 8 , wherein the donor material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of lanthanide oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, platinum, gold, bismuth, and uranium-238. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 8 , wherein the probe is characterized by a diameter of between about 5 nm and about 100 nm. 
     
     
         12 . A method comprising:
 functionalizing a donor nanomaterial to target a substance, wherein the donor nanomaterial comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of lanthanide oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, platinum, gold, bismuth, and uranium-238, and wherein the donor nanomaterial comprises a nanomaterial having a diameter between about 25 nm and about 1,000 nm;   delivering the donor nanomaterial to a location;   functionalizing a probe nanomaterial to target the donor nanomaterial;   delivering the probe nanomaterial to the location;   irradiating the location with radiation from a source selected from the group consisting of an X-ray source, a microwave source, or a gamma ray source; and   testing the probe nanomaterial to identify a change in optical characteristics resulting from irradiating the location.   
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein the probe nanomaterial comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 , ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CaP, polystyrene, and poly N-isopropylacrylamide. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 13 , wherein the probe nanomaterial further comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, 3′-(p aminophenyl) fluorescein, 2-[6-(4V-amino)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl] benzoic acid (APF), dihydroethidine (DHE), dihydrorhodamine, 4′,5′-diaminofluorescein, sulforhodamine B, calcein, and fluorescein. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 13 , wherein the donor nanomaterial comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of lanthanide oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, platinum, gold, bismuth, and uranium-238. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 13 , wherein the donor nanomaterial comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of lanthanide oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, platinum, gold, bismuth, and uranium-238. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 12 , further comprising:
 delivering a solution to dislodge the probe from the donor nanomaterial.   
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 17 , further comprising:
 extracting the probe from the location.   
     
     
         19 . A method comprising:
 delivering a donor material to a target;   delivering a probe to the target, wherein the probe comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 , ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CaP, polystyrene, and poly N-isopropylacrylamide, wherein the probe further comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, 3′-(p aminophenyl) fluorescein, 2-[6-(4V-amino)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl] benzoic acid (APF), dihydroethidine (DHE), dihydrorhodamine, 4′,5′-diaminofluorescein, sulforhodamine B, calcein, and fluorescein, and wherein the probe is characterized by a diameter of between about 2 nm and about 500 nm;   irradiating the target with radiation from a source selected from the group consisting of an X-ray source, a microwave source, or a gamma ray source; and   determining an optical change in the probe resulting from irradiating the target.   
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 19 , wherein the donor material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of lanthanide oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, platinum, gold, bismuth, and uranium-238.