Lithium fluoride-based and related cathode compositions and batteries comprising the same

Abstract

An embodiment is directed to a Li metal or Li-ion battery, including a conversion-type metal fluoride comprising cathode capable of storing and releasing Li ions during battery operation, a conversion-type type or Li metal-type anode capable of storing and releasing Li ions during battery operation, a separator membrane ionically coupling and electronically insulating the cathode and the anode, and a solid electrolyte with a Li transference number in the range from around 0.7 to around 1.0 impregnating at least the cathode, wherein the cathode comprises composite a core-shell particle and has an areal capacity loading that ranges from around 2 mAh/cm2 to around 12 mAh/cm2.

1 . A Li-ion battery cell, comprising:
 a cathode electrode capable of storing and releasing Li ions during battery cell operation;   an anode electrode capable of storing and releasing the Li ions during the battery cell operation;   a separator membrane ionically coupling and electronically insulating the cathode and the anode; and   a polymer-comprising electrolyte composition,   wherein the anode electrode comprises a metal-comprising current collector, a conductive additive, and a composite core-shell anode particle, the anode electrode exhibiting an areal capacity loading that ranges from around 2 mAh/cm 2  to around 12 mAh/cm 2 ,   wherein a core of the core-shell anode particle comprises (i) Si and (ii) a matrix material composition,   wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition at least partially coats the composite anode core-shell anode particle as an ionically conductive polymer-comprising shell, and   wherein a battery capacity of the Li-ion battery cell is at least about 200 mAh.   
     
     
         2 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the battery capacity ranges from around 200 mAh to around 10,000 mAh. 
     
     
         3 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the battery capacity is at least about 10,000 mAh. 
     
     
         4 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition comprises a polymer gel electrolyte. 
     
     
         5 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition exhibits ultimate tensile strength in a range from around 0.05 MPa to around 500.0 MPa. 
     
     
         6 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition comprises a linear polymer or a copolymer. 
     
     
         7 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition comprises one or more filler nanoparticles with a size ranging from around 1 nm to around 100 nm. 
     
     
         8 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 7 , wherein the one or more filler nanoparticles comprise one or more of: lithium (Li), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), phosphorous (P), aluminum (Al) and, magnesium (Mg). 
     
     
         9 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition comprises one or more of:
 (i) an oxygen (O)-containing polymer,   (ii) a nitrogen (N)-containing polymer,   (iii) an H-bonding polymer, and   (iv) polybutadiene or polybutylene.   
     
     
         10 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 9 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition comprises at least the (i) O-containing polymer. 
     
     
         11 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 10 , wherein the (i) O-containing polymer comprises one or more of:
 polyether, polyester, poly(meth)acrylate, poly(meth)acrylate, and polysaccharide.   
     
     
         12 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition comprises one or more of:
 poly(acrylic) polymer, poly(methacrylic) polymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate), poly(t-butyl acrylate), poly(n-butyl methacrylate), poly(t-butyl methacrylate), poly(hexyl acrylate), poly(hexyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl acrylate), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(benzyl acrylate), poly(benzyl methacrylate), poly(perfluorobenzyl acrylate), poly(perfluorobenzyl methacrylate), poly((1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)acrylate), poly((1H, 1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)methacrylate), poly(phosphazene), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid), poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(glycidyl acrylate), poly(glycidyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene glycol acrylate), poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate), poly(acrylamido-) polymer, poly(methacrylamido-) polymer, and styrenic polymer.   
     
     
         13 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition comprises one or more of:
 ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, divinylbenzene, 1,3,5-trivinyl, trimethyl trisiloxane, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, urea-formaldehyde resin, maleimide resin, epoxy resin, polybenzoxazine resin, polyurethane resin, and phenol resins.   
     
     
         14 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition comprises a gradient, statistical, alternating, graft or block copolymer that is physically blended with or covalently attached to another polymer. 
     
     
         15 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition comprises a LiPF 6  salt. 
     
     
         16 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition further comprises a LiBF 4  salt. 
     
     
         17 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition further comprises a LiN(SO 2 F) 2  (LiFSI) salt. 
     
     
         18 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition comprises a salt concentration from around 0.1M to around 0.8M or from around 1.2M to around 2.2M. 
     
     
         19 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the polymer-comprising electrolyte composition comprises one or more of at least one solvent, the at least one solvent comprising:
 an ester, a carbonate, a nitrile, an ether, a sulfone, a phosphorous-based solvent, and a fluorinated solvent.   
     
     
         20 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 19 ,
 wherein the at least one solvent comprises a first solvent and a second solvent,   wherein the first solvent exhibits a lower polarity than the second solvent,   wherein the first solvent exhibits a first electrolyte salt solubility and the second solvent exhibits a second electrolyte salt solubility, and   wherein the first electrolyte salt solubility is around 50 to around 5,000,000 times less than the second electrolyte salt solubility.   
     
     
         21 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the anode electrode exhibits a volumetric capacity above around 800 mAh/cc. 
     
     
         22 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 21 , wherein the anode electrode exhibits a volumetric capacity above around 900 mAh/cc. 
     
     
         23 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 22 , wherein the anode electrode exhibits a volumetric capacity above around 1000 mAh/cc. 
     
     
         24 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the anode electrode comprises at least about 30 at. % of Si. 
     
     
         25 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the anode electrode comprises a standalone portion that excludes the metal-comprising current collector and that exhibits a tensile strength in a range from around 0.1 MPa to around 1,000 MPa. 
     
     
         26 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 25 , wherein the standalone portion exhibits the tensile strength while the anode electrode is in an electrolyte-free state or an electrolyte-filled state. 
     
     
         27 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein the metal-comprising current collector is porous. 
     
     
         28 . The Li-ion battery cell of  claim 1 , wherein a total pore volume of the metal-comprising current collector ranges from around 1 vol. % to around 50 vol. %.