Treatment with genetically modified cells, and genetically modified cells per se, with increased competitive advantage and/or decreased competitive disadvantage

Abstract

A genetically modified glial cells, and use of such cells for rejuvenating glial cell population or treating glial cell-related disorders are disclosed. A method of treating a disorder of the brain and/or brain stem in a subject by introducing a population of genetically modified glial progenitor cells into the brain and/or brain stem of the subject, wherein the genetically modified glial progenitor cells have increased expression of one or more genes compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified, wherein said increased expression of the one or more genes in the genetically modified glial progenitor cells confer competitive advantage over native or already resident glial progenitor cells in the subject.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A method of treating a disorder of the brain and/or brain stem in a subject, said method comprising:
 introducing the population of genetically modified glial progenitor cells into the brain and/or brain stem of the subject,   wherein the genetically modified glial progenitor cells have increased expression of one or more genes compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified,   wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of ACTB, AKR1C1, ANAPC11, AP2B1, APLP2, APOD, ARF5, ARL4A, ARPC3, ARPP19, ATOX1, ATP5F1E, ATP5MC1, ATP5MC3, ATP5MD, ATP5ME, ATP5MF, ATP5MG, ATP5MPL, ATP5PF, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0E1, ATXN7L3B, B2M, B3GAT2, BEX1, BEX3, BEX5, BLOC1S1, BMERB1, C18orf32, Clorf122, C1QBP, C4orf48, CADM4, CALM1, CALM3, CALR, CANX, CAV2, CC2D1A, CCND1, CCNI, CD63, CD82, CDC42, CDH2, CFL1, CHCHD2, CHGB, CIAO2B, CLCN3, CLTA, CLTC, CNN3, CNTN1, COTL1, COX4I1, COX6A1, COX6C, COX7A2, COX7C, COX8A, CPNE8, CPS1, CRNDE, CSPG4, CTHRC1, CUL4B, CYP51A1, DBI, DCX, DDAH1, DDX1, DENND10, DMD, DMRT2, DNAJA2, DPYSL2, DRAP1, DSTN, DYNC1I2, EDF1, EDIL3, EEF1A1, EEF1B2, EEF2, EID1, EIF3J, ELOB, EMC10, EMP2, ESD, ETV1, FABP7, FAM171B, FAM177A1, FAU, FIS1, FXYD6, GADD45A, GAP43, GCSH, GNAS, GOLM1, GPM6B, GSTP1, H3-3A, H3-3B, HINT1, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA3, HNRNPAB, HNRNPC, HNRNPK, HNRNPM, HNRNPR, HSPA5, IGFBP2, ITGB8, ITM2A, ITM2B, JPT1, KDELR1, KLRK1-AS1, KRTCAP2, KTN1, LDHB, LHFPL3, LRRC4B, LY6H, MAP2, MARCKS, MARCKSL1, MIA, MICOS10, MIF, MIR9-1HG, MMGT1, MPZL1, MT3, MTLN, MTRNR2L12, MTRNR2L8, MYL12A, MYL12B, NACA, NARS1, NCL, NDUFA1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, NDUFA3, NDUFA4, NDUFB1, NDUFB11, NDUFB2, NDUFB6, NDUFB7, NDUFC2, NDUFS5, NEU4, NUCKS1, OAZ1, OLFM2, OSBPL8, OST4, OSTC, PABPC1, PCBP2, PCDH10, PCDH11X, PCDH17, PCDHB2, PCDHGB6, PDGFRA, PDIA6, PEBP1, PEG10, PFN1, PGRMC1, PKIA, PLPP3, PLPPR1, PPIA, PRDX1, PRDX2, PRDX5, PSMB1, PSMB9, PTMS, PTN, PTPRA, RAB10, RAB14, RAB2A, RAB31, RAC1, RACK1, RMDN2, RAMP1, RO60, ROBO1, RRAGB, RTN3, S100B, SARAF, SAT1, SBDS, SCARB2, SCP2, SCRG1, SEC62, SELENOK, SELENOT, SELENOW, SERF2, SERPINE2, SET, SH3BGRL, SKP1, SLC25A6, SLIT2, SLITRK2, SMC3, SMDT1, SMOC1, SMS, SNCA, SNHG29, SNHG6, SNX3, SNX22, SOD1, SOX11, SOX2, SOX9, SPCS2, SPCS3, SRP14, SSR4, STAG2, STMN1, SUPT16H, TALDO1, TBCB, TCEAL7, TCEAL8, TCEAL9, TIMP1, TLE5, TM4SF1, TM9SF3, TMA7, TMBIM6, TMCO1, TMEM147, TMEM258, TMEM50A, TMOD2, TMSB10, TMSB4X, TPT1, TRAF4, TRIO, TSC22D4, TSPAN6, TSPAN7, TTC3, TUBB, UBA52, UBL5, UQCR10, UQCR11, UQCRB, VIM, WSB2, WSCD1, YBX1, YWHAB, YWHAE, ZFAS1, ZNF428, and ZNF462,   wherein said increased expression of the one or more genes in the genetically modified glial progenitor cells confer competitive advantage over native or already resident glial progenitor cells in the subject, wherein expression of the one or more genes is increased by at least 100% at mRNA level in the genetically modified glial progenitor cells compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified, and wherein the genetically modified glial progenitor cells are derived from human glial progenitor cells.   
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of APOD, B2M, BEX3, BEX5, CCND1, CTHRC1, EDIL3, EMC10, FABP7, GADD45A, ITM2A, LRRC4B, LY6H, MIA, MT3, NEU4, OLFM2, PTMS, RAMP1, SNX3, TRAF4, TRIO, UBA52, and YWHAB. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of ANAPC11, APOD, ATP5MC3, B2M, CALM1, MT3, NEU4, PEBP1, RAMP1, SOD1 and TBCB. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of APOD, BEX3, BEX5, CCND1, CTHRC1, EDIL3, EMC10, GADD45A, ITM2A, MIA, TRAF4, and TRIO. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of B2M, FABP7, LRRC4B, LY6H, MT3, NEU4, OLFM2, PTMS, RAMP1, SNX3, UBA52, and YWHAB. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of LY6H, MIA, GADD45A, ITM2A and ITM2B. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the genetically modified glial progenitor cells further have decreased expression of one or more genes compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified, 
 wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of ABCG1, ADGRB1, ADGRG1, AKAP9, AL360181.3, ANKRD10, ARGLU1, ARL4C, ARL16, ARMCX6, ATP1A2, ATP1B3, ATP10B, B3GNT7, BHLHE41, BPTF, BRI3, BX664615.2, BX890604.1, C1QL2, CAMK2N1, CCDC85B, CCNL1, CHCHD10, CHORDC1, CIRBP, CLDN10, COL9A1, COL9A2, CXADR, DANCR, DCXR, DHX36, DLL3, DNAJA1, DNM3, ECH1, EGR1, EIF1AX, ELAVL3, EMID1, ETFB, FABP5, FAM133A, FAM133B, FBXO2, FERMT1, FIBIN, FOS, FOSB, FSCN1, FSIP2, GABPB1-AS1, GALR1, GNG8, GNPTAB, GOLGA8A, GOLGA8B, GPR155, GRID2, GRM7, HAPLN1, HMX1, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPH1, HTRA1, IGFBP2, JAG1, JUN, JUNB, KCNIP4, KCNQ1OT1, KLF3-AS1, LAMP2, LINC01116, LINC01301, LINC01896, LRP4, LRRC7, MACF1, MALAT1, MAP3K13, MASP1, MDH1, MT1E, MT2A, MYT1, NASP, NKTR, NUTM2A-AS1, OFD1, PCDHB5, PCDHGA3, PCDHGB6, PEPD, PHGDH, PLCG2, PMP2, PNISR, PPP1R14A, PTGDS, RAB3IP, RAF1, RAP1GAP, RARRES2, RBM25, RBMX, REV3L, RHOBTB3, RIMS2, RIT2, RRBP1, RSRP1, S100A1, S100A16, SAT1, SCG2, SEMA3E, SERTAD1, SEZ6L, SEZ6L2, SH3GLB2, SNHG15, SNRNP70, SPARCL1, SRSF5, STAT3, STXBP6, SYNRG, THBS4, TLE4, TMEM176B, TPI1, TSC22D3, USP11, VCAN, WFDC1, WSB1, ZFYVE16, ZNF528, and ZNF528-AS1, and   wherein said decreased expression of the one or more genes in the genetically modified glial progenitor cells confer competitive advantage over native or already resident glial progenitor cells in the subject, and wherein expression of the one or more genes is decreased by at least 50% at mRNA level in the genetically modified glial progenitor cells compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified.   
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the disorder is a neurodegenerative disorder selected from the group consisting of Huntington’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, multisystem atrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the disorder is a neuropsychiatric disorder selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and bipolar disorder. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the disorder is a myelin disease. 
     
     
         11 . A method of treating a disorder of the brain and/or brain stem in a subject, said method comprising:
 introducing the population of genetically modified glial progenitor cells into the brain and/or brain stem of the subject,   wherein the genetically modified glial progenitor cells have decrease expression of one or more genes compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified,   wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting ABCG1, ADGRB1, ADGRG1, AKAP9, AL360181.3, ANKRD10, ARGLU1, ARL4C, ARL16, ARMCX6, ATP1A2, ATP1B3, ATP10B, B3GNT7, BHLHE41, BPTF, BRI3, BX664615.2, BX890604.1, C1QL2, CAMK2N1, CCDC85B, CCNL1, CHCHD10, CHORDC1, CIRBP, CLDN10, COL9A1, COL9A2, CXADR, DANCR, DCXR, DHX36, DLL3, DNAJA1, DNM3, ECH1, EGR1, EIF1AX, ELAVL3, EMID1, ETFB, FABP5, FAM133A, FAM133B, FBXO2, FERMT1, FIBIN, FOS, FOSB, FSCN1, FSIP2, GABPB1-AS1, GALR1, GNG8, GNPTAB, GOLGA8A, GOLGA8B, GPR155, GRID2, GRM7, HAPLN1, HMX1, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPH1, HTRA1, IGFBP2, JAG1, JUN, JUNB, KCNIP4, KCNQ1OT1, KLF3-AS1, LAMP2, LINC01116, LINC01301, LINC01896, LRP4, LRRC7, MACF1, MALAT1, MAP3K13, MASP1, MDH1, MT1E, MT2A, MYT1, NASP, NKTR, NUTM2A-AS1, OFD1, PCDHB5, PCDHGA3, PCDHGB6, PEPD, PHGDH, PLCG2, PMP2, PNISR, PPP1R14A, PTGDS, RAB3IP, RAF1, RAP1GAP, RARRES2, RBM25, RBMX, REV3L, RHOBTB3, RIMS2, RIT2, RRBP1, RSRP1, S100A1, S100A16, SAT1, SCG2, SEMA3E, SERTAD1, SEZ6L, SEZ6L2, SH3GLB2, SNHG15, SNRNP70, SPARCL1, SRSF5, STAT3, STXBP6, SYNRG, THBS4, TLE4, TMEM176B, TPI1, TSC22D3, USP11, VCAN, WFDC1, WSB1, ZFYVE16, ZNF528, and ZNF528-AS1,   wherein said decreased expression of the one or more genes in the genetically modified glial progenitor cells confer competitive advantage over native or already resident glial progenitor cells in the subject, wherein expression of the one or more genes is decreased by at least 50% at mRNA level in the genetically modified glial progenitor cells compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified, and wherein the genetically modified glial progenitor cells are derived from human glial progenitor cells.   
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 11 , wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of ADGRG1, ARL4C, ARMCX6, ATP1A2, ATP1B3, B3GNT7, CXADR, DLL3, FABP5, FIBIN, IGFBP2, LRRC7, MAP3K13, MT1E, MT2A, PCDHGA3, PCDHGB6, PLCG2, PTGDS, SAT1, SEZ6L, SPARCL1, THBS4, and TLE4. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 11 , wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of EGR1, HSPH1, WSB1, RBMX, ARGLU1, TLE4, MACF1, STAT3, FSIP2, and NKTR. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 11 , wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of ADGRG1, ATP1A2, ATP1B3, B3GNT7, CXADR, DLL3, FABP5, MT1E, MT2A, PTGDS, SEZ6L, and THBS4. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 11 , wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of ARL4C, ARMCX6, FIBIN, IGFBP2, LRRC7, MAP3K13, PCDHGA3, PCDHGB6, PLCG2, SAT1, SPARCL1, and TLE4. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 11 , wherein the genetically modified glial progenitor cells further have increased expression of one or more genes compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified, 
 wherein the one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of ACTB, AKR1C1, ANAPC11, AP2B1, APLP2, APOD, ARF5, ARL4A, ARPC3, ARPP19, ATOX1, ATP5F1E, ATP5MC1, ATP5MC3, ATP5MD, ATP5ME, ATP5MF, ATP5MG, ATP5MPL, ATP5PF, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0E1, ATXN7L3B, B2M, B3GAT2, BEX1, BEX3, BEX5, BLOC1S1, BMERB1, C18orf32, Clorf122, C1QBP, C4orf48, CADM4, CALM1, CALM3, CALR, CANX, CAV2, CC2D1A, CCND1, CCNI, CD63, CD82, CDC42, CDH2, CFL1, CHCHD2, CHGB, CIAO2B, CLCN3, CLTA, CLTC, CNN3, CNTN1, COTL1, COX4I1, COX6A1, COX6C, COX7A2, COX7C, COX8A, CPNE8, CPS1, CRNDE, CSPG4, CTHRC1, CUL4B, CYP51A1, DBI, DCX, DDAH1, DDX1, DENND10, DMD, DMRT2, DNAJA2, DPYSL2, DRAP1, DSTN, DYNC1I2, EDF1, EDIL3, EEF1A1, EEF1B2, EEF2, EID1, EIF3J, ELOB, EMC10, EMP2, ESD, ETV1, FABP7, FAM171B, FAM177A1, FAU, FIS1, FXYD6, GADD45A, GAP43, GCSH, GNAS, GOLM1, GPM6B, GSTP1, H3-3A, H3-3B, HINT1, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA3, HNRNPAB, HNRNPC, HNRNPK, HNRNPM, HNRNPR, HSPA5, IGFBP2, ITGB8, ITM2A, ITM2B, JPT1, KDELR1, KLRK1-AS1, KRTCAP2, KTN1, LDHB, LHFPL3, LRRC4B, LY6H, MAP2, MARCKS, MARCKSL1, MIA, MICOS10, MIF, MIR9-1HG, MMGT1, MPZL1, MT3, MTLN, MTRNR2L12, MTRNR2L8, MYL12A, MYL12B, NACA, NARS1, NCL, NDUFA1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, NDUFA3, NDUFA4, NDUFB1, NDUFB11, NDUFB2, NDUFB6, NDUFB7, NDUFC2, NDUFS5, NEU4, NUCKS1, OAZ1, OLFM2, OSBPL8, OST4, OSTC, PABPC1, PCBP2, PCDH10, PCDH11X, PCDH17, PCDHB2, PCDHGB6, PDGFRA, PDIA6, PEBP1, PEG10, PFN1, PGRMC1, PKIA, PLPP3, PLPPR1, PPIA, PRDX1, PRDX2, PRDX5, PSMB1, PSMB9, PTMS, PTN, PTPRA, RAB10, RAB14, RAB2A, RAB31, RAC1, RACK1, RMDN2, RAMP1, RO60, ROBO1, RRAGB, RTN3, S100B, SARAF, SAT1, SBDS, SCARB2, SCP2, SCRG1, SEC62, SELENOK, SELENOT, SELENOW, SERF2, SERPINE2, SET, SH3BGRL, SKP1, SLC25A6, SLIT2, SLITRK2, SMC3, SMDT1, SMOC1, SMS, SNCA, SNHG29, SNHG6, SNX3, SNX22, SOD1, SOX11, SOX2, SOX9, SPCS2, SPCS3, SRP14, SSR4, STAG2, STMN1, SUPT16H, TALDO1, TBCB, TCEAL7, TCEAL8, TCEAL9, TIMP1, TLE5, TM4SF1, TM9SF3, TMA7, TMBIM6, TMCO1, TMEM147, TMEM258, TMEM50A, TMOD2, TMSB10, TMSB4X, TPT1, TRAF4, TRIO, TSC22D4, TSPAN6, TSPAN7, TTC3, TUBB, UBA52, UBL5, UQCR10, UQCR11, UQCRB, VIM, WSB2, WSCD1, YBX1, YWHAB, YWHAE, ZFAS1, ZNF428, and ZNF462, and wherein the increased expression of the one or more genes is increased by at least 100% at mRNA level in the genetically modified glial progenitor cells compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified.   
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 11 , wherein the disorder is a neurodegenerative disorder selected from the group consisting of Huntington’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, multisystem atrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 11 , wherein the disorder is a neuropsychiatric disorder selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and bipolar disorder. 
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 11 , wherein the disorder is a myelin disease. 
     
     
         20 . An isolated population of genetically modified glial progenitor cells, wherein the genetically modified glial progenitor cells have (1) increased expression of one or more genes compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified, and/or (2) decreased expression of one or more genes compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified, 
 wherein the one or more genes in (1) are selected from the group consisting of ACTB, AKR1C1, ANAPC11, AP2B1, APLP2, APOD, ARF5, ARL4A, ARPC3, ARPP19, ATOX1, ATP5F1E, ATP5MC1, ATP5MC3, ATP5MD, ATP5ME, ATP5MF, ATP5MG, ATP5MPL, ATP5PF, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0E1, ATXN7L3B, B2M, B3GAT2, BEX1, BEX3, BEX5, BLOC1S1, BMERB1, C18orf32, Clorf122, C1QBP, C4orf48, CADM4, CALM1, CALM3, CALR, CANX, CAV2, CC2D1A, CCND1, CCNI, CD63, CD82, CDC42, CDH2, CFL1, CHCHD2, CHGB, CIAO2B, CLCN3, CLTA, CLTC, CNN3, CNTN1, COTL1, COX4I1, COX6A1, COX6C, COX7A2, COX7C, COX8A, CPNE8, CPS1, CRNDE, CSPG4, CTHRC1, CUL4B, CYP51A1, DBI, DCX, DDAH1, DDX1, DENND10, DMD, DMRT2, DNAJA2, DPYSL2, DRAP1, DSTN, DYNC1I2, EDF1, EDIL3, EEF1A1, EEF1B2, EEF2, EID1, EIF3J, ELOB, EMC10, EMP2, ESD, ETV1, FABP7, FAM171B, FAM177A1, FAU, FIS1, FXYD6, GADD45A, GAP43, GCSH, GNAS, GOLM1, GPM6B, GSTP1, H3-3A, H3-3B, HINT1, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA3, HNRNPAB, HNRNPC, HNRNPK, HNRNPM, HNRNPR, HSPA5, IGFBP2, ITGB8, ITM2A, ITM2B, JPT1, KDELR1, KLRK1-AS1, KRTCAP2, KTN1, LDHB, LHFPL3, LRRC4B, LY6H, MAP2, MARCKS, MARCKSL1, MIA, MICOS10, MIF, MIR9-1HG, MMGT1, MPZL1, MT3, MTLN, MTRNR2L12, MTRNR2L8, MYL12A, MYL12B, NACA, NARS1, NCL, NDUFA1, NDUFA11, NDUFA13, NDUFA3, NDUFA4, NDUFB1, NDUFB11, NDUFB2, NDUFB6, NDUFB7, NDUFC2, NDUFS5, NEU4, NUCKS1, OAZ1, OLFM2, OSBPL8, OST4, OSTC, PABPC1, PCBP2, PCDH10, PCDH11X, PCDH17, PCDHB2, PCDHGB6, PDGFRA, PDIA6, PEBP1, PEG10, PFN1, PGRMC1, PKIA, PLPP3, PLPPR1, PPIA, PRDX1, PRDX2, PRDX5, PSMB1, PSMB9, PTMS, PTN, PTPRA, RAB10, RAB14, RAB2A, RAB31, RAC1, RACK1, RMDN2, RAMP1, RO60, ROBO1, RRAGB, RTN3, S100B, SARAF, SAT1, SBDS, SCARB2, SCP2, SCRG1, SEC62, SELENOK, SELENOT, SELENOW, SERF2, SERPINE2, SET, SH3BGRL, SKP1, SLC25A6, SLIT2, SLITRK2, SMC3, SMDT1, SMOC1, SMS, SNCA, SNHG29, SNHG6, SNX3, SNX22, SOD1, SOX11, SOX2, SOX9, SPCS2, SPCS3, SRP14, SSR4, STAG2, STMN1, SUPT16H, TALDO1, TBCB, TCEAL7, TCEAL8, TCEAL9, TIMP1, TLE5, TM4SF1, TM9SF3, TMA7, TMBIM6, TMCO1, TMEM147, TMEM258, TMEM50A, TMOD2, TMSB10, TMSB4X, TPT1, TRAF4, TRIO, TSC22D4, TSPAN6, TSPAN7, TTC3, TUBB, UBA52, UBL5, UQCR10, UQCR11, UQCRB, VIM, WSB2, WSCD1, YBX1, YWHAB, YWHAE, ZFAS1, ZNF428, and ZNF462, and wherein the one or more gens in (2) are selected from the group consisting of ABCG1, ADGRB 1, ADGRG1, AKAP9, AL360181.3, ANKRD10, ARGLU1, ARL4C, ARL16, ARMCX6, ATP1A2, ATP1B3, ATP10B, B3GNT7, BHLHE41, BPTF, BRI3, BX664615.2, BX890604.1, C1QL2, CAMK2N1, CCDC85B, CCNL1, CHCHD10, CHORDC1, CIRBP, CLDN10, COL9A1, COL9A2, CXADR, DANCR, DCXR, DHX36, DLL3, DNAJA1, DNM3, ECH1, EGR1, EIF1AX, ELAVL3, EMID1, ETFB, FABP5, FAM133A, FAM133B, FBXO2, FERMT1, FIBIN, FOS, FOSB, FSCN1, FSIP2, GABPB1-AS1, GALR1, GNG8, GNPTAB, GOLGA8A, GOLGA8B, GPR155, GRID2, GRM7, HAPLN1, HMX1, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPH1, HTRA1, IGFBP2, JAG1, JUN, JUNB, KCNIP4, KCNQ1OT1, KLF3-AS1, LAMP2, LINC01116, LINC01301, LINC01896, LRP4, LRRC7, MACF1, MALAT1, MAP3K13, MASP1, MDH1, MT1E, MT2A, MYT1, NASP, NKTR, NUTM2A-AS1, OFD1, PCDHB5, PCDHGA3, PCDHGB6, PEPD, PHGDH, PLCG2, PMP2, PNISR, PPP1R14A, PTGDS, RAB3IP, RAF1, RAP1GAP, RARRES2, RBM25, RBMX, REV3L, RHOBTB3, RIMS2, RIT2, RRBP1, RSRP1, S100A1, S100A16, SAT1, SCG2, SEMA3E, SERTAD1, SEZ6L, SEZ6L2, SH3GLB2, SNHG15, SNRNP70, SPARCL1, SRSF5, STAT3, STXBP6, SYNRG, THBS4, TLE4, TMEM176B, TPI1, TSC22D3, USP11, VCAN, WFDC1, WSB1, ZFYVE16, ZNF528, and ZNF528-AS1.   
     
     
         21 . The genetically modified glial progenitor cells of  claim 20 , wherein expression of the one or more genes in (1) is increased by at least 100% at mRNA level in the genetically modified glial progenitor cells compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified, and wherein expression of the one or more genes in (2) is decreased by at least 50% at a mRNA level in the genetically modified glial progenitor cells compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified. 
     
     
         22 . The genetically modified glial progenitor cells of  claim 20 , and wherein the genetically modified glial progenitor cells are derived from human glial progenitor cells.