Methods for compression molding foam articles

Abstract

Compression molded foam articles are provided having a closed cell foam structure comprising a plurality of cells having an anisotropic cell shape. The disclosed compression molded foam articles can be used as components or parts of a variety of articles, including articles of footwear and athletic equipment. Methods are disclosed for making the disclosed compression molded foam articles from a foamed preform having an elastomeric closed cell foam with substantially isotropic cell shape. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

What is claimed: 
     
         1 . A compression molded foam article, wherein the compression molded foam article made by a process comprising:
 arranging a preform in a compression mold;
 wherein the preform comprises a polymeric foam material having a closed cell foam structure; 
 wherein the preform is associated with a preform x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis such that each axis is perpendicular to the other two;
 wherein the preform has a preform longitudinal dimension parallel to the preform y-axis of a preform x-y plane; 
 wherein the preform z-axis is parallel to a direction of compression applied to the compression mold; 
 wherein the preform has a preform height that is a dimension parallel to the preform z-axis;
 wherein the preform has an initial preform height equal to the preform height prior to compression molding; 
 
 
 wherein the compression mold comprises a mold cavity; and wherein the mold cavity is associated with a mold cavity x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis such that each axis is perpendicular to the other two;
 wherein the mold cavity has a mold cavity longitudinal dimension parallel to the mold cavity y-axis of a mold cavity x-y plane; 
 wherein the mold cavity z-axis is parallel to the direction of compression applied to the compression mold; 
 wherein the mold cavity has a mold cavity height that is a dimension parallel to the preform z-axis when the mold is closed; 
 
 wherein the arranging comprises aligning the preform x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis with the mold cavity x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis; and 
 wherein an initial preform height is from 1.1- to 5-fold greater than the mold cavity height; 
   closing the compression mold and compressing the preform into a closed mold cavity;   applying heat, pressure, or a combination of both to the closed mold cavity for a duration of time to:   (a) alter at least one preform dimension along the preform x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis; and   (b) alter the closed cell foam structure to a closed cell foam structure having a greater proportion of anisotropic cell shapes;   forming the compression molded foam article;   opening the compression mold after the least one preform dimension in the preform x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis and the closed cell foam structure are altered;   removing the compression molded foam article from the compression mold; and
 wherein the compression molded foam article retains dimensions of the closed mold cavity within plus or minus 50 percent; and 
 wherein the compression molded foam article has the closed cell foam structure having a greater proportion of closed cells with the anisotropic cell shapes as compared to the preform, or having substantially the same proportion of closed cells with the anisotropic cell shapes as compared to the preform, where an average aspect ratio of the proportion of the closed cells with the anisotropic cell shapes is greater as compared to the preform, or both the proportion and the aspect ratio of closed cells with the anisotropic cell shapes are greater in the closed cell foam structure of the compression molded foam article as compared to the closed cell foam structure of the preform; 
   
       characterized in that, either:
 (A) the preform has a preform area comprising an area of the preform x-y plane and the preform has an initial preform area that is the preform area prior to compression molding; and
 the mold cavity has a mold cavity area corresponding to an area of a mold cavity bottom and the mold cavity bottom is a mold cavity x-y plane opposite a mold cavity opening; 
 wherein the initial preform area is less than about 75 percent of the mold cavity area, 
 
 or 
 (B) the preform has a plurality of initial preform widths;
 wherein each initial preform width of the plurality of initial preform widths is designated as IPW i , wherein i is an integer having a value of 1 to 100; and each IPW i  has a dimension parallel to the preform x-axis of the preform x-y plane at a position, Y i , along the preform longitudinal dimension prior to compression molding; 
 
  the mold cavity has a plurality of mold cavity widths;
 wherein each mold cavity width of the plurality of mold cavity widths is designated as CW j , wherein j is an integer having a value of 1 to 100; wherein each CW j  has a dimension parallel to the mold cavity x-axis of the mold cavity x-y plane of the preform at a position, P j , along the mold cavity longitudinal dimension; wherein each P j  is associated with a corresponding position of the preform longitudinal dimension when the preform y-axis and the mold cavity y-axis are aligned; 
 and the preform and the mold cavity are associated with a plurality of mold gaps; 
 wherein each mold gap of the plurality of mold gaps is designated as MG k , wherein k is an integer having a value of 1 to 100; wherein each MG k  is obtained from the following equation: 
 
 
       
         
           
             
               
                 M 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   G 
                   k 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     CW 
                     j 
                   
                   - 
                   
                     IPW 
                     i 
                   
                 
                 
                   CW 
                   j 
                 
               
             
           
         
         
           and wherein each mold gap is independently from about 0.200 to about 0.7, 
         
         or 
         (C) the preform has a preform volume, wherein the preform has an initial preform volume that is the preform volume prior to compression molding; and the mold cavity has a mold cavity volume associated with the mold when it is closed;
 wherein less than about 80 percent of the mold cavity volume is occupied by the preform; 
 and at least 50 percent of the initial preform volume is positioned outside the mold cavity. 
 
       
     
     
         2 . The compression molded foam article of  claim 1 , wherein a region of the compression molded foam article includes the greater proportion of closed cells with the anisotropic cell shapes, or includes the closed cells with the greater average aspect ratio, or both, and the region occupies at least 1 cubic centimeter of a total volume of the compression molded foam article, and wherein the region does not include an external skin of the compression molded foam article. 
     
     
         3 . The compression molded foam article of  claim 1 , further comprising compressing the preform until a compression ratio of 1.2 to 4.0 is achieved; wherein the compression ratio is a ratio of initial preform height to mold cavity depth; wherein the initial preform height is an average height of the preform determined along an axis oriented parallel to the direction in which the compression is applied during compression molding; wherein the initial preform height is determined prior to compression molding; and wherein the mold cavity depth is an average depth of the cavity determined along an axis oriented parallel to the direction in which the compression is applied during compression molding. 
     
     
         4 . The compression molded foam article of  claim 1 , wherein the compressing the preform into the closed mold cavity comprises compressing the preform until a final preform height and a final preform volume are reached; wherein the final preform height is the preform height when it is equal to the mold cavity height; and wherein the final preform volume is the preform volume when it is equal to the mold cavity volume. 
     
     
         5 . The compression molded foam article of  claim 1 , wherein the initial preform height is from 1.1- to 4-fold greater than the mold cavity height. 
     
     
         6 . The compression molded foam article of  claim 1 , wherein the compression molded foam article has an anisotropic cell shape having an average aspect ratio that is an average ratio of the y-axis to the z-axis; wherein a major axis is parallel to the y-axis; wherein a minor axis is parallel to the x-axis; and wherein the average aspect ratio is from 1.5 to 15. 
     
     
         7 . The compression molded foam article of  claim 1 , wherein the compression molded foam article exhibits an efficiency as determined along the z axis that is from 1.0 percent to 25 percent greater than a reference foam article when determined in accordance with an Efficiency Test Method; wherein the reference foam article is a reference preform foam article prior to compression molding from which the compression molded foam article is formed; wherein the reference preform foam article comprises essentially the same polymeric material as the compression molded foam article; and wherein the reference preform foam article has a substantially isotropic cell shape. 
     
     
         8 . The compression molded foam article of  claim 6 , wherein the foam article exhibits an efficiency that from 1.0 percent to 25 percent greater than a reference foam article when determined in accordance with Efficiency Test Method; wherein the reference foam article is a reference compression molded foam article comprising essentially the same polymeric material and having substantially the same density as the compression molded foam article; and wherein the reference compression molded foam article has a substantially isotropic cell shape. 
     
     
         9 . The compression molded foam article of  claim 1 , wherein 40 percent to 100 percent of the compression molded foam article comprises the anisotropic cell shape. 
     
     
         10 . A method for making a compression molded foam article, the method comprising:
 arranging a preform in a compression mold;
 wherein the preform comprises a polymeric foam material having a closed cell foam structure; 
 wherein the preform is associated with a preform x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis such that each axis is perpendicular to the other two;
 wherein the preform has a preform longitudinal dimension parallel to the preform y-axis of a preform x-y plane; 
 wherein the preform z-axis is parallel to the direction of compression applied to the compression mold; 
 wherein the preform has a preform height that is a dimension parallel to the preform z-axis;
 wherein the preform has an initial preform height equal to the preform height prior to compression molding; 
 
 
 wherein the compression mold comprises a mold cavity; and wherein the mold cavity is associated with a mold cavity x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis such that each axis is perpendicular to the other two;
 wherein the mold cavity has a mold cavity longitudinal dimension parallel to the mold cavity y-axis of a mold cavity x-y plane; 
 wherein the mold cavity z-axis is parallel to a direction of compression applied to the compression mold; 
 wherein the mold cavity has a mold cavity height that is a dimension parallel to the preform z-axis when the mold is closed; 
 
 wherein the arranging comprises aligning the preform x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis with the mold cavity x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis; and 
 wherein the initial preform height is from 1.1- to 5-fold greater than the mold cavity height; 
   closing the compression mold and compressing the preform into a closed mold cavity;   applying heat, pressure, or a combination of both to the closed mold cavity for a duration of time to:   (a) alter at least one preform dimension along the preform x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis; and   (b) alter the closed cell foam structure to a closed cell foam structure having a greater proportion of anisotropic cell shapes;   forming the compression molded foam article;   opening the compression mold after the at least one preform dimension in the preform x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis and the closed cell foam structure are altered;   removing the compression molded foam article from the compression mold; and
 wherein the compression molded foam article retains dimensions of the closed mold cavity within plus or minus 50 percent; and 
 wherein the compression molded foam article has the closed cell foam structure having a greater proportion of closed cells with the anisotropic cell shapes as compared to the preform, or having substantially the same proportion of closed cells with the anisotropic cell shapes as compared to the preform, where an average aspect ratio of the proportion of the closed cells with the anisotropic cell shapes is greater as compared to the preform, or both the proportion and the aspect ratio of closed cells with the anisotropic cell shapes are greater in the closed cell foam structure of the compression molded foam article as compared to the closed cell foam structure of the preform; 
   
       characterized in that, either:
 (A) the preform has a preform area comprising an area of the preform x-y plane and the preform has an initial preform area that is the preform area prior to compression molding; and
 the mold cavity has a mold cavity area corresponding to an area of a mold cavity bottom and the mold cavity bottom is a mold cavity x-y plane opposite a mold cavity opening; 
 wherein the initial preform area is less than about 75 percent of the mold cavity area, 
 
 or 
 (B) the preform has a plurality of initial preform widths;
 wherein each initial preform width of the plurality of initial preform widths is designated as IPW i , wherein i is an integer having a value of 1 to 100; and each IPW i  has a dimension parallel to the preform x-axis of the preform x-y plane at a position, Y i , along the preform longitudinal dimension prior to compression molding; 
 
  the mold cavity has a plurality of mold cavity widths;
 wherein each mold cavity width of the plurality of mold cavity widths is designated as CW j , wherein j is an integer having a value of 1 to 100; wherein each CW j  has a dimension parallel to the mold cavity x-axis of the mold cavity x-y plane of the preform at a position, P j , along the mold cavity longitudinal dimension; wherein each P i  is associated with a corresponding position of the preform longitudinal dimension when the preform y-axis and the mold cavity y-axis are aligned; 
 
  and the preform and the mold cavity are associated with a plurality of mold gaps;
 wherein each mold gap of the plurality of mold gaps is designated as MG k , wherein k is an integer having a value of 1 to 100; wherein each MG k  is obtained from the following equation: 
 
 
       
         
           
             
               
                 M 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   G 
                   k 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     CW 
                     j 
                   
                   - 
                   
                     IPW 
                     i 
                   
                 
                 
                   CW 
                   j 
                 
               
             
           
         
         
           and wherein each mold gap is independently from about 0.200 to about 0.7, 
         
         or 
         (C) the preform has a preform volume, wherein the preform has an initial preform volume that is the preform volume prior to compression molding; and the mold cavity has a mold cavity volume associated with the mold when it is closed;
 wherein less than about 80 percent of the mold cavity volume is occupied by the preform; 
 and at least 50 percent of the initial preform volume is positioned outside the mold cavity. 
 
       
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 1 , further comprising compressing the preform until a compression ratio of 1.2 to 4.0 is achieved; wherein the compression ratio is a ratio of initial preform height to mold cavity depth; wherein the initial preform height is an average height of the preform determined along an axis oriented parallel to the direction in which the compression is applied during compression molding; wherein the initial preform height is determined prior to compression molding; and wherein the average mold cavity depth is an average depth of the cavity determined along an axis oriented parallel to the direction in which the compression is applied during compression molding. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the compressing the preform into the closed mold cavity comprises compressing the preform until a final preform height and a final preform volume are reached; wherein the final preform height is the preform height when it is equal to the mold cavity height; and wherein the final preform volume is the preform volume when it is equal to the mold cavity volume. 
     
     
         13 . A compression molded foam article which is a cushioning element that is a midsole or midsole component for an article of footwear comprising:
 an elastomeric material having a closed cell foam structure comprising a plurality of cells having an anisotropic cell shape;   wherein the foam cushioning element comprises a first axis (z), a second axis (y) and a third axis (x);   wherein the first axis (z) is perpendicular to the second axis (y) and the third axis (x);   wherein the second axis (y) and the third axis (x) are each perpendicular to each other;   wherein the second axis (y) and the third axis (x) define a plane (x-y) parallel to a major surface of the foam article;   wherein the plurality of cells are aligned in an orientation along the second axis (y) within a range of a solid angle of plus or minus 20 degrees;   and wherein a physical property determined along the first axis (z) is different from the physical property determined along the second axis (y), the third axis (x), or both the second (y) and third axis (x).   
     
     
         14 . The foam cushioning element of  claim 13 , wherein the plurality of cells have an average aspect ratio that is an average ratio of the second axis (y) to the first axis (z); wherein a major axis is parallel to the second axis (y); wherein a minor axis is parallel to the first axis (z); and wherein the average aspect ratio is from 1.5 to 15. 
     
     
         15 . The foam cushioning element of  claim 13 , wherein the plurality of cells are aligned in an orientation along the second axis (y) within a range of a solid angle of plus or minus 15 degrees. 
     
     
         16 . The foam cushioning element of  claim 13 , wherein the plurality of cells having an anisotropic cell shape are dispersed throughout the foam article. 
     
     
         17 . The foam cushioning element of  claim 16 , wherein the plurality of cells having the anisotropic cell shape are present in a region of the foam article that does not include an external skin of the compression molded foam article, and the region occupies at least 1 cubic centimeter of a total volume of the foam article. 
     
     
         18 . The foam cushioning element of  claim 13 , wherein:
 the foam cushioning element has a foam cushioning element volume; and wherein the plurality of cells having anisotropic cell shapes comprising a percent of the foam cushioning element volume that is from 10 percent to 100 percent; or   wherein the foam cushioning element has a foam cushioning element weight; and   wherein the plurality of cells having an anisotropic cell shape comprising a percent of the foam article weight that is from 10 percent to 100 percent.   
     
     
         19 . The foam cushioning element of  claim 13 , wherein the efficiency in the first axis of the foam cushioning element, when determined in accordance with an Efficiency Test Method, is from about 60 percent to about 99 percent. 
     
     
         20 . The foam cushioning element of  claim 19 , wherein the efficiency of the foam cushioning element determined along the first axis (z) is at least 5 percent greater than the efficiency of the foam cushioning element determined along the second axis (y), the third axis (x), or both the second (y) and third axes (x) of the foam cushioning element.