Detecting mutations and ploidy in chromosomal segments

Abstract

The invention provides methods, systems, and computer readable medium for detecting ploidy of chromosome segments or entire chromosomes, for detecting single nucleotide variants and for detecting both ploidy of chromosome segments and single nucleotide variants. In some aspects, the invention provides methods, systems, and computer readable medium for detecting cancer or a chromosomal abnormality in a gestating fetus.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A method for preparing a blood, plasma, serum, or urine sample of a subject having cancer or suspected of having cancer useful for detecting one or more single nucleotide variant (SNV) mutations in the blood, plasma, serum, or urine sample, the method comprising:
 performing whole exome sequencing or whole genome sequencing on a tumor sample of the subject to identify a plurality of tumor-specific SNV mutations;   selectively enriching or amplifying a plurality of target loci in one reaction volume from cell-free DNA isolated from a blood, plasma, serum, or urine sample of the subject or DNA derived therefrom to obtain selectively enriched or amplified DNA, wherein 50 to 2,000 of the target loci encompass tumor-specific SNV mutations identified in the tumor sample of the subject; and   performing sequencing to sequence the selectively enriched or amplified DNA to obtain sequence reads, and detecting one or more of the tumor-specific SNV mutations present in the cell-free DNA from the sequence reads, wherein the sequencing has a depth of read of at least 50,000 per target locus.   
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the tumor sample of the subject is from a solid tumor. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the cell-free DNA comprises circulating tumor DNA. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the SNV mutations comprise one or more clonal SNV mutations. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the SNV mutations comprise one or more subclonal SNV mutations. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the SNV mutations comprise one or more clonal SNV mutations and one or more subclonal SNV mutations. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the tumor sample of the subject is a tumor tissue sample. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises determining clonal heterogeneity of the tumor sample. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the method selectively enriches or amplifies 500 to 2,000 target loci encompassing tumor-specific SNV mutations identified in the tumor sample of the subject. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the method selectively enriches or amplifies 50 to 500 target loci encompassing tumor-specific SNV mutations identified in the tumor sample of the subject. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises designing PCR primers or hybrid capture probes targeting the plurality of SNV mutations identified in the tumor sample of the subject, and selectively enriching or amplifying the target loci using the designing PCR primers or hybrid capture probes. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises performing barcoding PCR prior to the sequencing. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises detecting recurrence and/or metastases of the cancer from the SNV mutations detected in the cell-free DNA. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, or breast cancer. 
     
     
         15 . A method for preparing a blood, plasma, serum, or urine sample of a subject having cancer or suspected of having cancer useful for detecting one or more single nucleotide variant (SNV) mutations in the blood, plasma, serum, or urine sample, the method comprising:
 performing whole exome sequencing or whole genome sequencing on a tumor sample of the subject to identify a plurality of tumor-specific SNV mutations;   selectively enriching or amplifying a plurality of target loci in one reaction volume from cell-free DNA isolated from a blood, plasma, serum, or urine sample of the subject or DNA derived therefrom to obtain selectively enriched or amplified DNA, wherein 50 to 2,000 of the target loci encompass tumor-specific SNV mutations identified in the tumor sample of the subject; and   performing sequencing to sequence the selectively enriched or amplified DNA to obtain sequence reads, and detecting one or more of the tumor-specific SNV mutations present in the cell-free DNA from the sequence reads, wherein the method is capable of detecting an SNV mutation that is present in less than or equal to 0.015% of the cell-free DNA comprising the SNV locus.   
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the sequencing has a depth of read of at least 50,000 per target locus. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the cell-free DNA comprises circulating tumor DNA. 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the SNV mutations comprise one or more clonal SNV mutations. 
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the SNV mutations comprise one or more subclonal SNV mutations. 
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the SNV mutations comprise one or more clonal SNV mutations and one or more subclonal SNV mutations. 
     
     
         21 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the tumor sample of the subject is a tumor tissue sample. 
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the method further comprises determining clonal heterogeneity of the tumor sample. 
     
     
         23 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the method selectively enriches or amplifies 500 to 2,000 target loci encompassing tumor-specific SNV mutations identified in the tumor sample of the subject. 
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the method selectively enriches or amplifies 50 to 500 target loci encompassing tumor-specific SNV mutations identified in the tumor sample of the subject. 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the method further comprises designing PCR primers or hybrid capture probes targeting the plurality of SNV mutations identified in the tumor sample of the subject, and selectively enriching or amplifying the target loci using the designing PCR primers or hybrid capture probes. 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the method further comprises performing barcoding PCR prior to the sequencing. 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the method further comprises detecting recurrence and/or metastases of the cancer from the SNV mutations detected in the cell-free DNA. 
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, or breast cancer. 
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the method is capable of detecting an SNV mutation that is present in 0.005% to 0.015% of the cell-free DNA comprising the SNV locus. 
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the tumor sample of the subject is from a solid tumor.