Synthesis of anthracitic networks and ambient superconductors

Abstract

Several variations of synthetic carbon materials are disclosed. The materials can assume a variety of properties, including high electrical conductivity. The materials also can have favorable structural and mechanical properties. They can form gas impenetrable barriers, form insulating structures, and can have unique optical properties.

1 - 80 . (canceled) 
     
     
         81 - 100 . (canceled) 
     
     
         101 . A material comprising a synthetic anthracite. 
     
     
         102 . The material of  claim 101 , wherein the synthetic anthracite comprises a templated morphology. 
     
     
         103 . A material comprising a synthetic anthracitic network. 
     
     
         104 . The material of  claim 103 , wherein the synthetic anthracitic network comprises at least one of a layered graphenic network crosslinked via structural dislocations, an sp x  network, a helicoidal network, a ring-connected singleton, a multilayer graphenic network, an x-Carbon, a z-Carbon, carbon, boron nitride, and boron carbonitride. 
     
     
         105 . The material of  claim 103 , wherein the synthetic anthracitic network comprises sp 2 -hybridized regions and sp 3 -hybridized regions. 
     
     
         106 . The material of  claim 105 , wherein the sp 2 -hybridized regions comprise nematically aligned atomic monolayers. 
     
     
         107 . The material of  claim 105 , wherein the sp 3 -hybridized regions comprise at least one of cubic diamond, hexagonal diamond, amorphous diamond, two-dimensional diamond, rings in chair conformations, rings in boat conformations, rings in half-chair conformations, and sp x  rings comprising sp 2 -hybridized and sp 3 -hybridized atoms. 
     
     
         108 . The material of  claim 103 , wherein the synthetic anthracitic network comprises, as measured via N 2  gas adsorption, at least one of:
 an average BET surface area between 1,000 m 2 /g and 2,300 m 2 /g;   an average BET surface area between 10 m 2 /g and 1,000 m 2 /g; and   an average thickness of more than one atomic layer.   
     
     
         109 . The material of  claim 103 , wherein the synthetic anthracitic network comprises, as measured via N 2  gas adsorption, at least one of:
 an average BJH specific porosity between 7.5 cm 3 /g and 10.0 cm 3 /g;   an average BJH specific porosity between 2.5 cm 3 /g and 7.5 cm 3 /g; and   an average BJH specific porosity between 0.1 cm 3 /g and 2.5 cm 3 /g.   
     
     
         110 . The material of  claim 103 , wherein an average Raman spectrum of the synthetic anthracitic network obtained using 532 nm excitation comprises at least one of:
 an unfitted D band having a peak position located between 1342 cm −1  and 1375 cm −1 ;   an unfitted D band having a peak position located between 1332 cm −1  and 1342 cm −1 ;   an unfitted D band having a peak position located between 1318 cm −1  and 1332 cm −1 ;   an unfitted G band having a peak position located between 1580 cm −1  and 1595 cm −1 ; and   an unfitted G band having a peak position located between 1595 cm −1  and 1610 cm −1 .   
     
     
         111 . The material of  claim 103 , wherein an average Raman spectrum of the synthetic anthracitic network obtained using 532 nm excitation comprises at least one of:
 a trough located between the unfitted G peak and the unfitted D peak, the ratio of the trough's height to the height of the unfitted G peak having a value between 0.10 and 0.80;   a peak intensity ratio between the unfitted D peak and the unfitted G peak of less than 2.0; and   a peak intensity ratio between the unfitted 2D peak and unfitted G peak of less than 0.20.   
     
     
         112 . The material of  claim 103 , wherein an XRD profile of the synthetic anthracitic network comprises at least one of:
 a <002> peak position corresponding to an average interlayer d-spacing between 3.45 Å and 3.65 Å;   a <002> peak position corresponding to an average interlayer d-spacing between 3.65 Å and 4.00 Å;   a <002> peak position corresponding to an average interlayer d-spacing between 4.00 Å and 6.00 Å;   a <100> peak position corresponding to an average interlayer d-spacing between 4.00 Å and 6.00 Å;   a <100> peak position corresponding to an average intralayer d-spacing between 2.11 and 2.13 Å; and   a <100> peak position corresponding to an average intralayer d-spacing between 2.09 and 2.11 Å.   
     
     
         113 . The material of  claim 103 , wherein the synthetic anthracitic network comprises a perimorphic framework. 
     
     
         114 . The material of  claim 113 , wherein the perimorphic framework comprises at least one of:
 a replica of a surface of a displaced template;   a crumpled replica of a surface of a displaced template;   a deformed replica of a surface of a displaced template; and   a fragmented replica of a surface of a displaced template.   
     
     
         115 . The material of  claim 113 , wherein the perimorphic framework comprises a particle geometry inherited from a porous magnesia particle, the porous magnesia particle itself comprising a particle geometry inherited from at least one of a lansfordite particle, a nesquehonite particle, a dypingite particle, a hydromagnesite particle, a magnesite particle, an amorphous magnesium carbonate particle, a hollow magnesium carbonate particle, a spray-dried magnesium salt particle. 
     
     
         116 . The material of  claim 103 , wherein the synthetic anthracitic network comprises a macroscopic form constructed from microscopic synthetic anthracitic networks. 
     
     
         117 . The material of  claim 116 , wherein the macroscopic form comprises a helicoidal network formed by annealing an x-sp x  precursor. 
     
     
         118 . A graphenic network comprising a carbonaceous perimorphic framework, the framework comprising at least one of:
 under 532 nm excitation, a Raman spectrum comprising:   an unfitted D band having an average peak position located between 1332 cm −1  and 1342 cm −1  and a peak intensity ratio of less than 1.5 between the unfitted D peak and the unfitted G peak; and   under 532 nm excitation, a Raman spectrum comprising:
 an unfitted D band having an average peak position located below 1332 cm −1 . 
   
     
     
         119 . The graphenic network of  claim 118  comprising at least one of a perimorphic framework and a macroscopic structure formed by covalently fusing perimorphic frameworks to one another. 
     
     
         120 . A carbon structure comprising:
 a graphenic network, the graphenic network comprising   the product of annealing a precursor graphenic network, the precursor having, under 532 nm excitation, a Raman spectrum comprising an unfitted D band with an average peak position located below 1332 cm −1 ; and   under 532 nm excitation, a Raman spectrum comprising an unfitted D band with an average peak position located between 1332 cm −1  and 1370 cm −1 .