Refrigeration apparatus and method

Abstract

Provided is an apparatus and method for transferring or exchanging thermal energy between two thermal reservoirs, for converting energy from thermal energy into another form of energy, or for converting energy from another form of energy into thermal energy. A body force per unit mass generating apparatus can be employed to modify a specific heat capacity of a working material. A work exchange apparatus, such as a compressor expander, can be employed to do work on the working material, or allow the working material to do work on the work exchange apparatus.

1 . An apparatus for interacting with a working material, wherein the apparatus comprises:
 a first body force generating apparatus configured to modify a specific heat capacity of the working material, wherein the working material comprises a caloric material, wherein the caloric material is a collection of all objects of interest of which the specific heat capacity is modifiable by the action of the first body force generating apparatus, wherein the modification can be to a value above or below the natural specific heat capacity of the objects of interest; and   a first work exchange apparatus, wherein the first work exchange apparatus comprises a compression apparatus, wherein the compression apparatus is an apparatus configured to perform work on at least a portion of the caloric material at least when the specific heat capacity of the at least a portion of the caloric material deviates from its natural value, or wherein the first work exchange apparatus comprises an expansion apparatus, wherein the expansion apparatus is an apparatus configured to allow at least a portion of the caloric material to perform work on the expansion apparatus at least when the specific heat capacity of the at least a portion of the caloric material deviates from its natural value.   
     
     
         2 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the first body force generating apparatus can be configured to increase the specific heat capacity of the caloric material. 
     
     
         3 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the first body force generating apparatus can be configured to decrease the specific heat capacity of the caloric material. 
     
     
         4 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the caloric material comprises a fluid. 
     
     
         5 . The apparatus of  claim 4 , wherein the caloric material comprises a liquid, a gas, a plasma, or a colloid. 
     
     
         6 . The apparatus of  claim 4 , wherein the caloric material comprises mobile objects of interest within a medium, wherein the medium can be empty space, a solid, a liquid, a gas, a plasma, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         7 . The apparatus of  claim 6 , wherein the objects of interest can comprise mobile charges, electrons, holes, ions, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         8 . The apparatus of  claim 6 , wherein the first work exchange apparatus can be configured to perform work on at least a portion of the medium or allow at least a portion of a medium to perform work on the first work exchange apparatus. 
     
     
         9 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the working material comprises a non-caloric material, wherein the non-caloric material consists of the portion of the working material which does not consist of the caloric material. 
     
     
         10 . The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the non-caloric material comprises a fluid. 
     
     
         11 . The apparatus of  claim 10 , wherein the non-caloric material comprises a liquid, a gas, a plasma, or a colloid. 
     
     
         12 . The apparatus of  claim 10 , wherein the non-caloric material comprises mobile objects of interest within a medium, wherein the medium can be empty space, a solid, a liquid, a gas, a plasma, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         13 . The apparatus of  claim 12 , wherein the objects of interest can comprise mobile charges, electrons, holes, ions, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         14 . The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the non-caloric material comprises solid particles, or a solid object. 
     
     
         15 . The apparatus of  claim 14 , wherein the caloric material comprises mobile objects of interest within the non-caloric material. 
     
     
         16 . The apparatus of  claim 15 , wherein the objects of interest can comprise mobile charge carriers, electrons, holes, or ions. 
     
     
         17 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the first body force of the body force generating apparatus is gravitational. 
     
     
         18 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the first body force of the body force generating apparatus is inertial. 
     
     
         19 . The apparatus of  claim 18 , wherein the body force of the first body force generating apparatus is centrifugal. 
     
     
         20 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the first body force generating apparatus comprises a magnetic field generating apparatus configured to generate a magnetic field. 
     
     
         21 . The apparatus of  claim 20 , wherein at least a portion of the magnetic field is generated by current flowing through a conductor. 
     
     
         22 . The apparatus of  claim 21 , wherein at least a portion of the conductor is superconducting. 
     
     
         23 . The apparatus of  claim 21 , wherein at least a portion of the conductor is arranged around or within at least a portion of the caloric material in solenoidal fashion. 
     
     
         24 . The apparatus of  claim 20 , wherein at least a portion of the magnetic field is generated by a permanent magnet. 
     
     
         25 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the first body force generating apparatus comprises an electric field generating apparatus. 
     
     
         26 . The apparatus of  claim 25 , wherein the electric field generating apparatus comprises electrical conductors configured to accumulate positive or negative charge, or wherein the electric field generating apparatus comprises collections of positive or negative charge. 
     
     
         27 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the first body force generating apparatus comprises an ionization apparatus configured to ionize at least a portion of the working material. 
     
     
         28 . The apparatus of  claim 27 , wherein at least a portion of the energy consumed in an ionization process can be recovered. 
     
     
         29 . The apparatus of  claim 28 , wherein at least a portion of the energy is recovered by a second work exchange apparatus configured to allow the working material to perform work on the second work exchange apparatus. 
     
     
         30 . The apparatus of  claim 29 , wherein the second work exchange apparatus comprises an electricity generator. 
     
     
         31 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the specific heat capacity of the caloric material is modified by a positive or negative magnetocaloric effect. 
     
     
         32 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the specific heat capacity of the caloric material is modified by a positive or negative electrocaloric effect. 
     
     
         33 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the first work exchange apparatus comprises an axial or centrifugal compressor or an axial or centrifugal turbine. 
     
     
         34 . The apparatus of  claim 33 , wherein the turbine is mechanically coupled to an electricity generator configured to convert mechanical work into electrical energy. 
     
     
         35 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the first work exchange apparatus comprises a piston. 
     
     
         36 . The apparatus of  claim 35 , wherein the piston is mechanically coupled to an electricity generator configured to convert mechanical work into electrical energy. 
     
     
         37 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the first work exchange apparatus comprises a second body force generating apparatus. 
     
     
         38 . The apparatus of  claim 37 , wherein the first body force apparatus comprises the second body force generating apparatus. 
     
     
         39 . The apparatus of  claim 37 , wherein the second body force generating apparatus comprises a gravitational field generating apparatus, an inertial body force generating apparatus, a magnetic field generating apparatus, or an electric field generating apparatus. 
     
     
         40 . The apparatus of  claim 39 , wherein the body force of the second body force generating apparatus is centrifugal. 
     
     
         41 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the first work exchange apparatus comprises a duct through which a caloric material can be configured to flow. 
     
     
         42 . The apparatus of  claim 41 , wherein the duct is a converging diverging duct, or a diverging duct, or a converging duct. 
     
     
         43 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the objects of interest comprise a proton, a neutron, a nucleus, an atom, an electron, a quasiparticle, a hole in a semiconductor, an ion, a molecule, a monatomic molecule, a particle, a distinct component of a medium, a neutrally charged object, an air molecule, a water molecule, a diatomic molecule, a polyatomic molecule, an object having a polarization axis, a polarizable molecule, an electrical charge, a permanent or induced electric dipole, a permanent or induced magnetic dipole, a crystal, a dust particle, an aerosol, a wave, a photon, a phonon, or an electromagnetic wave, or a combination of any of the foregoing. 
     
     
         44 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the work exchange of the first work exchange apparatus with the caloric material comprises an adiabatic process, an isothermal process, an isobaric process, or a polytropic process. 
     
     
         45 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the specific heat capacity is the specific heat capacity at constant pressure. 
     
     
         46 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the specific heat capacity is the specific heat capacity at constant volume. 
     
     
         47 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the working material comprises a fluid, wherein the first work exchange apparatus can be configured to do work on the working material at least when the specific heat capacity of the working material is smaller or larger than the natural specific heat capacity, or wherein the first work exchange apparatus can be configured to allow the working material to do work on the first work exchange apparatus at least when the specific heat capacity of the working material is smaller or larger than the natural specific heat capacity, wherein the working material can comprise a liquid, a gas, a plasma, or a colloid. 
     
     
         48 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the working material comprises a solid, wherein the first work exchange apparatus can be configured to do work on the working material at least when the specific heat capacity of the working material is smaller or larger than the natural specific heat capacity, or wherein the first work exchange apparatus can be configured to allow the working material to do work on the first work exchange apparatus at least when the specific heat capacity of the working material is smaller or larger than the natural specific heat capacity, wherein the working material can comprise a solid particle or a solid object. 
     
     
         49 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the apparatus comprises a heat exchanger configured to deliver heat to at least a portion of the caloric material, or remove heat from at least a portion of the caloric material. 
     
     
         50 . The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the apparatus comprises a heat exchanger configured to deliver heat to at least a portion of the non-caloric material, or remove heat from at least a portion of the non-caloric material. 
     
     
         51 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the first work exchange apparatus can be configured to interact with the working material in a thermodynamic cycle. 
     
     
         52 . The apparatus of  claim 51 , wherein the complete thermodynamic cycle absorbs thermal energy from a single thermal reservoir and produces mechanical work. 
     
     
         53 . The apparatus of  claim 51 , wherein the complete thermodynamic cycle delivers heat from a first thermal reservoir to a second thermal reservoir when the temperature of the second thermal reservoir exceeds the temperature of the first thermal reservoir. 
     
     
         54 . The apparatus of  claim 53 , wherein the complete thermodynamic cycle also produces mechanical work. 
     
     
         55 . The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the first work exchange apparatus can be configured to perform work on at least a portion of a non-caloric material or allow at least a portion of a non-caloric material to perform work on the first work exchange apparatus. 
     
     
         56 . The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein at least a portion of the non-caloric material is in thermal contact with at least a portion of the caloric material. 
     
     
         57 . The apparatus of  claim 56 , wherein the at least a portion of the non-caloric material and the at least a portion of the caloric material are in the same state of matter. 
     
     
         58 . The apparatus of  claim 57 , wherein the state of matter is a solid state of matter. 
     
     
         59 . The apparatus of  claim 57 , wherein the state of matter is a liquid, a gas, a plasma, or a combination thereof.