Energy augmentation structures for measuring and therapeutic uses

Abstract

An emission enhancement structure having at least one energy augmentation structure; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom a light of a different energy than the received energy. The energy converter is disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure. Also described are various uses for the energy emitters, energy augmentation structures and energy collectors in a wide array of fields.

1 . A method of treating a subject comprising:
 providing a first region of biological material coupled to the subject;   initiating a change in a cellular environment of the cells in the first region; and   due to a change in biological or chemical activity of the cells in the first region, inducing a biological change in a second region inside the subject with assistance of an electric field from at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
   in proximity to the first region or the second region.   
     
     
         2 - 48 . (canceled) 
     
     
         49 . A biophoton collector comprising:
 a living cell container for holding live cells which are capable of emitting biophotons;   an integrating sphere surrounding the living cell container for collection of the biophotons;   an exit window for transmission of the biophotons from the integrating sphere; and   at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
   configured to provide an electric field in proximity to the living cell container.   
     
     
         50 - 51 . (canceled) 
     
     
         52 . A biophoton collector comprising:
 a living cell container for holding live cells which are capable of emitting biophotons;   at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
   configured to provide an electric field in proximity to a first region where the live cells exist or a second region of a biological material to be treated.   an antenna surrounding the living cell container for collection of electromagnetic radiation as the emitted biophotons.   
     
     
         53 - 54 . (canceled) 
     
     
         55 . A biophoton bypass comprising:
 a hollow cavity optic for transmitting biophotons from a source of the biophotons to a treatment site while bypassing media of the subject to be treated;   an exit optic attached to an end of the hollow cavity optic, the exit optic dispersing the biophotons from the hollow cavity optic into the media of the subject to be treated; and   at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
   configured to provide an electric field in proximity to a first region where the source of the biophotons exists or a second region of a biological material to be treated.   
     
     
         56 - 57 . (canceled) 
     
     
         58 . An electrically conducting biophoton bypass comprising:
 a conductor for transmitting low frequency electric signals from a source of the biophotons to a treatment site while bypassing media of the subject to be treated;   a sheath covering the conductor and isolated from the conductor by a dielectric spacer;   a connector attached to the conductor for connecting the conductor to the media of the subject to be treated; and   at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
   configured to provide an electric field in proximity to a first region where the source of the biophotons exist or a second region of a biological material to be treated.   
     
     
         59 - 60 . (canceled) 
     
     
         61 . An electrically conducting biophoton bypass comprising:
 a conductor for transmitting high frequency electrical signals from a source of the biophotons to a treatment site while bypassing media of the subject to be treated;   a sheath covering the conductor and equidistantly spaced apart from the conductor by a dielectric spacer;   a connector attached to the conductor for connecting the conductor to the media of the subject to be treated; and   at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
   configured to provide an electric field in proximity to a first region where the live cells exist or a second region of a biological material to be treated.   
     
     
         62 . A magnetic yoke biophoton bypass comprising:
 a magnetic yoke for transmitting magnetic signals from a source of the biophotons to a treatment site while bypassing media of the subject to be treated;   a dual gap construction comprising a first gap for introduction of the magnetic signals into the magnetic yoke and a second gap for exposing the treatment site to the magnetic signals, wherein at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
   is in proximity to the first gap or the second gap.   
     
     
         63 . An in vivo biophoton generator comprising:
 one or more phosphors disposed in an organ or at treatment site;   at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property configured to provide an electric field in proximity to the one or more phosphors, and   a controller configured to control high energy excitation of the phosphors to produce light emission from the phosphors mimicking biophoton emission from cells in the organ or at the treatment site.   
     
     
         64 . (canceled) 
     
     
         65 . A living cell biophoton generator comprising:
 a living cell layer comprising live cells;   a matrix for attaching the living cell layer to an organ or treatment site;   an encapsulant layer sealing the living cell layer; and   at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
   configured to provide an electric field in proximity to a region of the live cells.   
     
     
         66 - 67 . (canceled) 
     
     
         68 . A DNA-based biophoton bypass comprising:
 a signaling DNA capable of transmitting electromagnetic signals as biophotons from a source of the biophotons to a treatment site while bypassing media of the subject to be treated;   at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
   configured to provide an electric field in proximity to the treatment site; and   a waveguide structure housing the signaling DNA,   wherein the signaling DNA and the waveguide structure transmit the electromagnetic signals a treatment site.   
     
     
         69 . A living cell biophoton generator comprising:
 a system for locally heating cells in an organ or treatment site;   at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
   configured to provide an electric field in proximity to the cells; and   a controller configured to control the local heating to an amount that induces stress in the cells and thereby induces biophoton emission from the cells in stress.   
     
     
         70 . (canceled) 
     
     
         71 . A method for in vivo biosynthesis of Vitamin D3 in a subject, comprising:
 contacting a cholesterol rich region of the subject with one or more energy converters capable of converting an applied initiation energy into UV;   irradiating the cholesterol rich region of the subject and the one or more energy converters with the applied initiation energy, wherein the applied initiation energy is at least one member selected from the group consisting of x-rays, gamma rays, and particle beams, wherein at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property is configured to provide an electric field in proximity to the energy converters;   wherein the applied initiation energy is converted by the one or more energy converters into UV energy, which interacts with cholesterol in the cholesterol rich region, thereby converting the cholesterol into Vitamin D3.   
     
     
         72 - 73 . (canceled) 
     
     
         74 . A method for regenerative medicine, comprising:
 internally generating light in a subject in need thereof at one or more wavelengths sufficient to cause regrowth/regeneration of cells or tissue in the subject in vicinity of at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
   providing an electric field in proximity to the cells or tissue.   
     
     
         75 - 79 . (canceled) 
     
     
         80 . A biophoton collector and conduit device for collecting or delivering biophotons from or into a biological medium, comprising:
 at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
   configured to collect or provide an electric field in proximity to a region of the biological medium;   an optical coupling pad coupled to at least one of the (i) at least one energy emitter, (ii) at least one energy augmentation structure, or (iii) at least one energy collector in the region of the biological medium;   the optical coupling pad comprising a dielectric cladded metal core extending from the region of the biological medium to a tapered end;   an optical fiber coupled to the tapered end.   
     
     
         81 - 94 . (canceled) 
     
     
         95 . A method of producing a photoactivated reaction inside an animal or human patient, comprising:
 introducing to a treatment site of the patient a mechanoluminescent emitter;   providing ultrasonic, vibrational, or acoustic energy to the treatment site, and   emitting at least one of ultraviolet light and visible light from the mechanoluminescent emitter at the treatment site, wherein the ultraviolet light or visible light induces the photoactivated reaction.   
     
     
         96 - 98 . (canceled) 
     
     
         99 . An electron emitter comprising:
 an electron source for emission of electrons into a vacuum or an ambient of the electron source;   at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, wherein:
 the at least one (i) energy emitter, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and an energy converter capable of receiving energy from an energy source, converting the energy and emitting therefrom an emitted light of a higher or lower energy than the received energy, and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted light is emitted with an intensity larger than if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure, or if the energy augmentation structure were not present; 
 the at least one (ii) energy augmentation structure, when present, is capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; 
 the at least one (iii) energy collector, when present, comprises at least one energy augmentation structure capable of capturing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy, and augmenting the one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in at least one property; and at least one energy converter capable of receiving an applied electromagnetic energy, converting the applied electromagnetic energy and emitting therefrom an emitted electromagnetic energy shifted in wavelength or energy from the applied electromagnetic energy and the energy converter being disposed in a vicinity of the at least one energy augmentation structure such that the emitted electromagnetic energy is emitted with at least one augmented property compared to if the energy converter were remote from the at least one energy augmentation structure; 
 in proximity to the first region or the second region; 
   disposed in a vicinity of the electron source which, under resonant conditions, generates an intensified electric field at a point of electron emission from the source, whereby electron emission in the presence of the intensified electric field is enhanced more than if the electron emitter were remote from the at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector, or if the at least one (i) energy emitter, (ii) energy augmentation structure, or (iii) energy collector were not present.   
     
     
         100 . (canceled)