Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and Methods of Use Thereof

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods of modulating activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs). The present invention also relates to methods of treating HDAC-associated diseases including, but not limited to, cancers, inflammatory disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders. The present invention also provides novel compounds and compositions thereof and methods of preparation of the same. The present invention also includes methods of inhibiting HDACs, and methods of treating HDAC-associated diseases using the compounds of the invention.

1 . (canceled) 
     
     
         2 . (canceled) 
     
     
         3 . A compound of Formula I-B, or a salt or solvate thereof: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein in Formula I-B:
 Ring A is an aromatic ring having 0-3 ring nitrogen atoms, and wherein Ring A may optionally be substituted by one or more R b s; 
 Ring B is a saturated or unsaturated 3-7 membered carbocyclic ring or a saturated or unsaturated 3-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 ring atoms of O, S, SO, SO 2 , or NR b , and wherein Ring B may optionally be substituted by one or more R c s; 
 R a , R b  and R c  are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d  OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d , NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, wherein each of the C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d , NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , and wherein R d , R e  and R f  are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, and optionally substituted C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, and wherein any of R d , R e  or R f  can optionally be joined to form additional rings; and R a , R b  and R c  can optionally be joined to form additional 
 chain 
 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
            is an uninterrupted chain, wherein any bond can be a single, double or triple bond, consistent with the hybridization state of the connected atoms, and wherein a null selection for any of the X 1  to X 7  nodes results in a null selection for the adjacent R groups; 
           X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7  are each independently selected from the group consisting of null, C, CH, CH 2 , C(═O), O, N, NH, S, S(═O) and S(═O) 2 ; 
           R 1 , R 1′ , R 2 , R 2′ , R 3 , R 3′ , R 4 , R 4′ , R 5 , R 5′ , R 6 , R 6′ , R 7  and R 7′  are each independently selected from the group consisting of null, H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d , NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, wherein each of the C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d , NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , and wherein R d , R e  and R f  are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, and optionally substituted C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, and wherein any of R d , R e  or R f  can optionally be joined to form additional rings; and any of R 1 , R 1′ , R 2 , R 2′ , R 3 , R 3′ , R 4 , R 4′ , R 5 , R 5′ , R 6 , R 6′ , R 7  and R 7′  can optionally be connected to each other to form various carbocyclic or heterocyclic systems; and 
           Fn is selected from the group consisting of Formulae II, III, IV and V: 
         
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein in Formulae II, III, IV and V:
 R 8 , R 8′ , R 9 , and R 10  are each independently selected from the group consisting of null, H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, and R 10  can represent single, multiple, or no substitution; 
 
         n is an integer of 0-3. 
       
     
     
         4 . A compound having a structure selected from the group consisting of Formulae VI-A, VII-A, VIII-A, IX-A, X-A, VI-B, VII-B, VIII-B, IX-R, and X-B, or a salt or solvate thereof: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein in Formulae VI-A to X-B:
 R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , and R 14  are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d  NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, wherein each C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d , NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , and wherein each R d , R e  and R f  is independently selected from the group consisting of H, and optionally substituted C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, and wherein any of R d , R e  or R f  can optionally be joined to form additional rings; and any of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , and R 14  can optionally be joined to each other to form various carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings; 
 m is an integer from 0 to 3; 
 q is an integer from 0 to 7; 
 p is an integer from 0 to 2; 
 J is selected from the group consisting of CH and N; and 
 Fn is selected from the group consisting of Formulae II, III, IV and V: 
 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein in Formulae II, III, IV and V:
 R 8 , R 8′ , R 9 , and R 10  are each independently selected from the group consisting of null, H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, and R 10  can represent single, multiple, or no substitution. 
 
       
     
     
         5 . The compound of  claim 4 , wherein the compound has a structure selected from the group consisting of: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         6 . A method of treating a disease or disorder associated with HDACs in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, Formula I-A or Formula I-B, or a salt or solvate thereof: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein in Formula F
 Ring A is an aromatic ring having 0-2 ring nitrogen atoms; 
 Ring B is a 3-7 membered saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic ring, or a 3-7 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 ring atoms of O, S, SO, SO 2 , or NR 3 , and wherein Ring B may optionally be substituted by one or more R b s; 
 L 1  is a bond or a C 1 -C 3  alkyl group optionally substituted by R b ; 
 L 2  is a bond, a C 1 -C 3  alkyl group optionally substituted by R b , an alkenyl, or an alkynyl; 
 X is CH 2 , O, or NR c ; 
 each R a  and R b  is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d , NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, wherein each C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d , NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , and wherein each R d , R e  and R f  is independently selected from the group consisting of H, and optionally substituted C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, and wherein any of R d , R e  or R f  may be optionally joined to form additional rings; and any R a  and R b  may be optionally joined to form additional rings; 
 R c  is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, wherein each of the C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d , NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , and wherein R d , R e  and R f  are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, and optionally substituted C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, and wherein any of R d , R e  or R f  may be optionally joined to form additional rings; 
 Fn is selected from the group consisting of Formulae II, III, IV and V: 
 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein in Formulae II, III, IV and V:
 R 8 , R 8′ , R 9 , and R 10  are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, wherein the C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl may optionally be substituted, and R 10  can represent single, multiple, or no substitution; 
 m is an integer from 0-3; and 
 n is an integer from 0-3; 
 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein in Formula I-A and Formula I-B:
 Ring A is an aromatic ring having 0-3 ring nitrogen atoms, and wherein Ring A may optionally be substituted by one or more R b s; 
 Ring B is a saturated or unsaturated 3-7 membered carbocyclic ring or a saturated or unsaturated 3-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-3 ring atoms of O, S, SO, SO 2 , or NR b , and wherein Ring B may optionally be substituted by one or more R c s; 
 R a , R b  and R c  are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d  OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d  NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, wherein each of the C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d , NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , and wherein R d , R e  and R f  are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, and optionally substituted C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, and wherein any of R d , R e  or R f  can optionally be joined to form additional rings; and R a , R b  and R c  can optionally be joined to form additional rings; 
 chain 
 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
            is an uninterrupted chain, wherein any bond can be a single, double or triple bond, consistent with the hybridization state of the connected atoms, e.g. if X 2  is an sp hybridized carbon atom and X 3  is also an sp hybridized carbon atom, then the X 2 —X 3  bond is a triple C—C bond, etc., wherein a null selection for any of the X 1  to X 7  nodes will result in connecting the adjacent nodes, e.g. if X 5  is null, then X 4  connects to X 6 , or if X 4  and X 5  are both null, then X 3  connects with X 6 , etc., and wherein a null selection for any of the X 1  to X 7  nodes will result in an automatic null selection for the adjacent R groups, e.g. if X 3  is null, then R 3  and R 3′  are both automatically null, etc.; 
           X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , X 6 , and X 7  are each independently selected from the group consisting of null, C, CH, CH 2 , C(═O), O, N, NH, S, S(═O) and S(═O) 2 ; 
           R 1 , R 1′ , R 2 , R 2′ , R 3 , R 3′ , R 4 , R 4′ , R 5 , R 5′ , R 6 , R 6′ , R 7  and R 7′  are each independently selected from the group consisting of null, H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d , NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, wherein each of the C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d , NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , and wherein R d , R e  and R f  are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, and optionally substituted C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, and wherein any of R d , R e  or R f  can optionally be joined to form additional rings; and any of R 1 , R 1′ , R 2 , R 2′ , R 3 , R 3′ , R 4 , R 4′ , R 5 , R 5′ , R 6 , R 6′ , R 7  and R 7′  can optionally be connected to each other to form various carbocyclic or heterocyclic systems; and 
           Fn is selected from the group consisting of Formulae II, III, IV and V: 
         
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein in Formulae II, III, IV and V:
 R 8 , R 8′ , R 9 , and R 10  are each independently selected from the group consisting of null, H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, and R 10  can represent single, multiple, or no substitution; and 
 n is an integer of 0-3. 
 
       
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the compound of Formula I-A or I-B is a compound of Formulae VI-A, VII-A, VIII-A, IX-A, X-A, VI-B, VII-B, VIII-B, IX-B, and X-B, or a salt or solvate thereof: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein in Formulae VI-A to X-B:
 R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , and R 14  are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d  NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, wherein each C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , OR d , OC(═O)R d , OC(═O)OR d , OC(═O)NR d R e , CR d R e R f , CR d R e OR f , C(═O)R d , C(═O)NR d R e , C(═O)OR d , NR d R e , NR d C(═O)R e , NR d C(═O)OR e , NR d C(═O)NR e R f , NR d S(═O) 2 R e , NR d S(═O) 2 NR e R f , SR d , S(═O)R d , S(═O) 2 R d , and S(═O) 2 NR d R e , and wherein each R d , R e  and R f  is independently selected from the group consisting of H, and optionally substituted C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, and wherein any of R d , R e  or R f  can optionally be joined to form additional rings; and any of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , and R 14  can optionally be joined to each other to form various carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings; 
 m is an integer from 0 to 3; 
 q is an integer from 0 to 7; 
 p is an integer from 0 to 2; 
 J is selected from the group consisting of CH and N; and 
 Fn is selected from the group consisting of Formulae II, III, IV and V: 
 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein in Formulae II, III, IV and V:
 R 8 , R 8′ , R 9 , and R 10  are each independently selected from the group consisting of null, H, C 1-6  alkyl, C 1-6  haloalkyl, C 2-6  alkenyl, C 2-6  alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl, and R 10  can represent single, multiple, or no substitution. 
 
       
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 7 , wherein the compound of Formulae VI-A, VII-A, VIII-A, IX-A, X-A, VI-B, VII-B, VIII-B, IX-B, or X-B is selected from the group consisting of: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the compound selectively inhibits HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, HDAC8, HDAC9, HDAC10, HDAC11, SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT4, SIRT5, SIRT6, SIRT7, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the compound selectively inhibits HDAC 6. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the compound selectively inhibits HDAC 8. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of cancer, a psychiatric disease or disorder, a neurologic disease or disorder, a neurodegenerative disease or disorder, and a neuroinflammation disease or disorder. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 6 , further comprising: administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of a disease or disorder wherein the additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an immunomodulatory drug, an immunotherapeutic drug, a DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic, a proteasome inhibitor, an anti-androgen receptor, an antiretroviral drug, a reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, a chemotherapeutic drug, and an immunosuppressant. 
     
     
         15 . A method of immunomodulation for organ transplant, the method comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 4 . 
     
     
         16 . A kit for inhibiting an HDAC or for treating a disease or disorder associated with an HDAC in a subject, comprising an amount of a compound of  claim 4 , or a salt or solvate thereof, and an instruction manual for the use thereof. 
     
     
         17 . A probe for imaging, diagnosing, or theragnosting a disease or disorder associated with an HDAC in a subject, comprising a compound of  claim 4 , or a salt or solvate thereof. 
     
     
         18 . A method of immunomodulation for organ transplant, the method comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of  claim 3 . 
     
     
         19 . A kit for inhibiting an HDAC or for treating a disease or disorder associated with an HDAC in a subject, comprising an amount of a compound of  claim 3 , or a salt or solvate thereof, and an instruction manual for the use thereof. 
     
     
         20 . A probe for imaging, diagnosing, or theragnosting a disease or disorder associated with an HDAC in a subject, comprising a compound of  claim 3 , or a salt or solvate thereof.