Laser sensor for trace gas detection

Abstract

Systems and methods are disclosed to determine the concentration of a species within a sample. An example method may include collecting optical loss data over a range of frequencies from the sample using a spectroscopy system; placing the optical loss data into a plurality of bins, each bin having a defined frequency width; determining an average optical loss data value for the optical loss values within each bin that have an optical loss value less than a threshold value; removing the optical loss data within each bin having a value outside a tolerance range bounding the average optical loss data value for the respective bin; fitting a spectral curve to the remaining optical loss data; and determining the concentration of the species within the sample based on the spectral curve.

That which is claimed: 
     
         1 . A method for determining a concentration of a species within a sample using a spectroscopy system, the method comprising:
 collecting optical loss data over a range of frequencies from the sample using a spectroscopy system;   fitting a first spectral curve to the optical loss data;   removing a plurality of optical loss data values having a value greater than a sum of a corresponding value of the first spectral curve plus a tolerance value from the optical loss data to obtain first remaining optical loss data;   determining a first concentration of the species within the sample based on the first spectral curve; and   repeating the following until a stop event occurs:
 fitting a current second spectral curve to a most recently obtained one of: 
   the first remaining optical loss data or preceding second remaining optical loss data;
 removing a plurality of optical loss data values having a value greater than a sum of a corresponding value of the current second spectral curve plus a tolerance value from the most recently obtained one of the first remaining optical loss data or the preceding second remaining optical loss data to obtain current second remaining optical loss data; 
 determining a current second concentration of the species within the sample based on the current second spectral curve; and 
 determining based on the current second concentration whether the stop event has occurred; and 
   in response to determining that the stop event has occurred, terminating the repeating;   wherein the stop event comprises a quality measure of the current second spectral curve exceeding a threshold value.   
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the spectroscopy system comprises a spectroscopy system selected from the group consisting of a cavity ring-down spectroscopy system, an integrated cavity output spectroscopy system, and a cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy system. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the repeating comprises, for each iteration, determining the quality measure of the current second spectral curve. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 3 , wherein determining the quality measure of the current second spectral curve comprises determining the quality measure of the current second spectral curve using a statistical hypothesis test. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 4 , wherein determining the quality measure of the current second spectral curve using the statistical hypothesis test comprises determining the quality measure of the current second spectral curve using a chi squared test. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the sample comprises atmospheric gases, the method further comprising:
 flying the spectroscopy system on an aircraft or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to obtain the sample of atmospheric gases; and   at least one of:
 determining concentrations of the species in atmospheric gases as a function of height in Earth's atmosphere; or 
 determining concentrations of the species in atmospheric gases above at least one of a landfill, an urban area, or a natural gas pipeline and facility. 
   
     
     
         7 . A method to determine a concentration of a species within a sample using a cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) system, the method comprising:
 emitting, by a light source, a light beam;   directing the light beam emitted by the light source through a sample positioned between two reflectors;   collecting, using the CRDS system, temporal decay data of the light beam as the light beam reflects back and forth through the sample between the two reflectors;   converting, using the CRDS system, the temporal decay data to optical loss data, the optical loss data including optical loss data of the sample over a range of frequencies;   fitting a first spectral curve to the optical loss data;   removing a plurality of optical loss data values having a value greater than a sum of a corresponding value of the first spectral curve plus a tolerance value from the optical loss data to obtain first remaining optical loss data;   determining a first concentration of the species within the sample based on the first spectral curve; and   repeating the following until a stop event occurs:
 fitting a current second spectral curve to a most recently obtained one of: 
   the first remaining optical loss data or preceding second remaining optical loss data;
 removing a plurality of optical loss data values having a value greater than a sum of a corresponding value of the current second spectral curve plus a tolerance value from the most recently obtained one of the first remaining optical loss data or the preceding second remaining optical loss data to obtain current second remaining optical loss data; 
 determining a current second concentration of the species within the sample based on the current second spectral curve; and 
 determining based on the current second concentration whether the stop event has occurred; and 
   in response to determining that the stop event has occurred, terminating the repeating;   wherein the stop event comprises a quality measure of the current second spectral curve exceeding a threshold value.   
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 7 , wherein the repeating comprises, for each iteration, determining the quality measure of the current second spectral curve. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 8 , wherein determining the quality measure of the current second spectral curve comprises determining the quality measure of the current second spectral curve using a statistical hypothesis test, the statistical hypothesis test comprising a chi squared test. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 7 , wherein the sample comprises atmospheric gases. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 10 , further comprising flying the CRD S system on an aircraft or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to obtain the sample of atmospheric gases. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 11 , further comprising determining concentrations of the species in atmospheric gases as a function of height in Earth's atmosphere. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 11 , further comprising determining concentrations of the species in atmospheric gases above at least one of a landfill, an urban area, or a natural gas pipeline and facility. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 7 , wherein the species comprises a first species, the method further comprising determining a concentration of a second species in the sample. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 14 , wherein the first species comprises methane and the second species comprises ethane. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 15 , wherein the sample comprises an emission from a source, the method further comprising determining whether the source is a petrochemical source or an agricultural source based on concentrations of the methane and the ethane in the sample. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 7 , further comprising blocking the sample from reaching reflector surfaces of the two reflectors without blocking the light beam. 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 7 , further comprising forming a protective layer or film on reflector surfaces of the two reflectors to inhibit the reflector surfaces coming in contact with the sample. 
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein forming the protective layer or film on the reflector surfaces of the two reflectors comprises flowing an uncontaminated gas onto or across the reflector surfaces. 
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 19 , further comprising pumping ambient air into an air flow system coupled to the two reflectors and wherein forming the protective layer or film on the reflector surfaces of the two reflectors comprises flowing an uncontaminated gas onto or across the reflector surfaces.