Compositions and methods of making metal-organic frameworks with redox-active centers

Abstract

Embodiments of the present disclosure describe an electrode material comprising a metal ion cluster and an organic linker with a redox-active center associated with the metal ion cluster sufficient to form a metal-organic framework. Embodiments of the present disclosure further describe a method of forming an electrode material comprising contacting a metal ion cluster with an organic linker including a redox-active center sufficient to form a metal-organic framework. Embodiments of the present disclosure also describe a metal-organic framework composition comprising a metal ion cluster and an organic linker with a redox-active center associated with the metal ion cluster.

1 - 20 . (canceled) 
     
     
         21 . An electrode material comprising:
 a plurality of metal ion clusters, and   a plurality of organic linkers including redox-active centers,   wherein the plurality of organic linkers associate with the plurality of metal ion clusters to form a metal-organic framework.   
     
     
         22 . The electrode material of  claim 21 , wherein the plurality of metal ion clusters include at least one of Fe, Ce, V, Zr, Hf, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Tb, and Y. 
     
     
         23 . The electrode material of  claim 21 , wherein the plurality of metal ion clusters include at least one of Fe, V, and Ce. 
     
     
         24 . The electrode material of  claim 21 , wherein the plurality of metal ion clusters include hexanuclear metal ion clusters. 
     
     
         25 . The electrode material of  claim 21 , wherein the plurality of metal ion clusters are characterized by the formula [M 6 O 4 (OH) 4 ] 8+ , where M is a metal. 
     
     
         26 . The electrode material of  claim 21 , wherein the plurality of organic linkers include N,N′-bis(terphenyl-4,4″-dicarboxylate). 
     
     
         27 . The electrode material of  claim 21 , wherein the redox-active centers includes at least one of naphthalenediimide, anthraquinone, benzoquinone, perlinedianhydride, and an organic nitroxide radical. 
     
     
         28 . The electrode material of  claim 21 , wherein the plurality of organic linkers include N,N′-bis(terphenyl-4,4″-dicarboxylate) and anthraquinone. 
     
     
         29 . The electrode material of  claim 21 , wherein the plurality of organic linkers include N,N′-bis(terphenyl-4,4″-dicarboxylate) and benzoquinone. 
     
     
         30 . The electrode material of  claim 21 , wherein the plurality of organic linkers include N,N′-bis(terphenyl-4,4″-dicarboxylate) and perlinedianhydride. 
     
     
         31 . The electrode material of  claim 21 , wherein the plurality of organic linkers include N,N′-bis(terphenyl-4,4″-dicarboxylate) and an organic nitroxide radical. 
     
     
         32 . The electrode material of  claim 21 , wherein the metal-organic framework further includes a plurality of organic pillars associated with the plurality of metal ion clusters. 
     
     
         33 . The electrode material of  claim 32 , wherein the plurality of organic pillars include a dicarboxylate. 
     
     
         34 . The electrode material of  claim 32 , wherein the plurality of organic pillars include a biphenyl dicarboxylate (BPD). 
     
     
         35 . The electrode material of  claim 32 , wherein the plurality of organic pillars include at least one of 4,4′-biphenyl-dicarboxylate; 3,3-dihydroxybiphenyl-4,4-dicarboxylate; and 3,3-dithiobiphenyl-4,4-dicarboxylate. 
     
     
         36 . The electrode material of  claim 32 , wherein the plurality of organic pillars include 2,2-bipyridine-4,4-dicarboxylate. 
     
     
         37 . The electrode material of  claim 21 , wherein the metal-organic framework has a scu topology. 
     
     
         38 . An electrode comprising: an electrode material according to  claim 21 . 
     
     
         39 . A supercapacitor electrode comprising: an electrode material according to  claim 21 . 
     
     
         40 . The supercapacitor electrode of  claim 39 , wherein the electrode material further includes a plurality of organic pillars associated with the plurality of metal ion clusters.