Compositions and methods for producing elevated and sustained ketosis

Abstract

Beta-hydroxybutyrate mineral salts in combination with medium chain fatty acids or an ester thereof such as medium chain triglycerides were used to induce ketosis, achieving blood ketone levels of (2-7 mmol/L), with or without dietary restriction. The combination results in substantial improvements in metabolic biomarkers related to insulin resistance, diabetes, weight loss, and physical performance in a short period of time. Further, use of these supplements to achieve ketosis yields a significant elevation of blood ketones and reduction of blood glucose levels. Use of these substances does not adversely affect lipid profiles. By initiating rapid ketosis and accelerating the rate of ketoadaptation, this invention is useful for the avoidance of glucose withdrawal symptoms commonly experienced by individuals initiating a ketogenic diet, and minimizes the loss of lean body mass during dietary restriction.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A composition for inducing ketosis, suppressing appetite, or promoting weight loss in a mammal, comprising:
 at least one medium chain fatty acid or ester thereof; and   a beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture comprising a plurality of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts selected from the group consisting of sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate, potassium beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium beta-hydroxybutyrate, magnesium beta-hydroxybutyrate, lithium beta-hydroxybutyrate, arginine beta-hydroxybutyrate, lysine beta-hydroxybutyrate, histidine beta-hydroxybutyrate, ornithine beta-hydroxybutyrate, creatine beta-hydroxybutyrate, agmatine beta-hydroxybutyrate, and citrulline beta-hydroxybutyrate.   
     
     
         2 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture comprises at least two of sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate, potassium beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium beta-hydroxybutyrate, or magnesium beta-hydroxybutyrate. 
     
     
         3 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture comprises at least three of sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate, potassium beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium beta-hydroxybutyrate, or magnesium beta-hydroxybutyrate. 
     
     
         4 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture comprises sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate, potassium beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium beta-hydroxybutyrate, and magnesium beta-hydroxybutyrate. 
     
     
         5 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture comprises:
 at least one of sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate, potassium beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium beta-hydroxybutyrate, or magnesium beta-hydroxybutyrate; and   at least one of arginine beta-hydroxybutyrate, lysine beta-hydroxybutyrate, histidine beta-hydroxybutyrate, ornithine beta-hydroxybutyrate, creatine beta-hydroxybutyrate, agmatine beta-hydroxybutyrate, or citrulline beta-hydroxybutyrate.   
     
     
         6 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt comprises at least two of arginine beta-hydroxybutyrate, lysine beta-hydroxybutyrate, histidine beta-hydroxybutyrate, ornithine beta-hydroxybutyrate, creatine beta-hydroxybutyrate, agmatine beta-hydroxybutyrate, or citrulline beta-hydroxybutyrate. 
     
     
         7 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the beta-hydroxybutyrate salts comprise a racemic DL-beta hydroxybutyrate or a single isomer R-beta hydroxybutyrate. 
     
     
         8 . The composition of  claim 1 , further comprising at least one of 1,3-butanediol, ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl beta-hydroxybutyrate. 
     
     
         9 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a daily dose of the composition provides about 2 grams to about 50 grams of the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture. 
     
     
         10 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a daily dose of the composition provides about 5 grams to about 30 grams of the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture. 
     
     
         11 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a daily dose of the composition provides about 10 grams to about 20 grams of the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture. 
     
     
         12 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the at least one medium chain fatty acid or ester thereof is selected from the group consisting of medium chain triglycerides, coconut oil, coconut milk powder, fractionated coconut oil, palm kernel oil, isolated hexanoic acid, isolated octanoic acid, isolated decanoic acid, ethoxylated triglycerides thereof, enone triglyceride derivatives thereof, aldehyde triglyceride derivatives thereof, monoglyceride derivatives thereof, diglyceride derivatives thereof, triglyceride derivatives thereof, alkyl esters thereof, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         13 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a daily dose of the composition provides about 5 grams to about 50 grams of the at least one medium chain fatty acid or ester thereof. 
     
     
         14 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a daily dose of the composition provides about 10 grams to about 40 grams of the at least one medium chain fatty acid or ester thereof. 
     
     
         15 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a daily dose of the composition provides about 15 grams to about 30 grams of the at least one medium chain fatty acid or ester thereof. 
     
     
         16 . The composition of  claim 1 , further comprising at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of amino acids, amino acid metabolites, vitamins, minerals, coconut milk powder, electrolytes, NADH, tetrahydrobiopeterin, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, alpha lipoic acid, nutritional co-factors, calcium beta-methyl-beta-hydroxybutyrate, arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, sodium R-alpha lipoic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, acesulfame K, aspartame, xanthan gum, non-toxic minerals salts, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         17 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the composition is a dry powder. 
     
     
         18 . A composition for inducing ketosis, suppressing appetite, or promoting weight loss, comprising:
 at least one medium chain fatty acid or ester thereof; and   a beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture comprising sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate, potassium beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium beta-hydroxybutyrate, and magnesium beta-hydroxybutyrate.   
     
     
         19 . A method of inducing ketosis, suppressing appetite, or promoting weight loss in a mammal, comprising:
 administering at least one medium chain fatty acid or ester thereof; and   administering a beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture comprising a plurality of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts selected from the group consisting of sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate, potassium beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium beta-hydroxybutyrate, magnesium beta-hydroxybutyrate, lithium beta-hydroxybutyrate, arginine beta-hydroxybutyrate, lysine beta-hydroxybutyrate, histidine beta-hydroxybutyrate, ornithine beta-hydroxybutyrate, creatine beta-hydroxybutyrate, agmatine beta-hydroxybutyrate, and citrulline beta-hydroxybutyrate.   
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 19 , wherein administering a beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture comprises administering a daily amount of about 2 grams to about 50 grams of the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture. 
     
     
         21 . The method of  claim 19 , wherein administering a beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture comprises administering a daily amount of about 5 grams to about 30 grams of the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture. 
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 19 , wherein administering a beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture comprises administering a daily amount of about 10 grams to about 20 grams of the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture. 
     
     
         23 . The method of  claim 19 , wherein the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture comprises at least three of sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate, potassium beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium beta-hydroxybutyrate, or magnesium beta-hydroxybutyrate. 
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 19 , wherein the beta-hydroxybutyrate salt mixture comprises sodium beta-hydroxybutyrate, potassium beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium beta-hydroxybutyrate, and magnesium beta-hydroxybutyrate. 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 19 , wherein the mammal is a human.