Formation of Ohmic Back Contact for Ag2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Photovoltaic Devices

Abstract

Techniques for forming an ohmic back contact for Ag2ZnSn(S,Se)4 photovoltaic devices. In one aspect, a method for forming a photovoltaic device includes the steps of: depositing a refractory electrode material onto a substrate; depositing a contact material onto the refractory electrode material, wherein the contact material includes a transition metal oxide; forming an absorber layer on the contact material, wherein the absorber layer includes Ag, Zn, Sn, and at least one of S and Se; annealing the absorber layer; forming a buffer layer on the absorber layer; and forming a top electrode on the buffer layer. The refractory electrode material may be Mo, W, Pt, Ti, TiN, FTO, and combinations thereof. The transition metal oxide may be TiO2, ZnO, SnO, ZnSnO, Ga2O3, and combinations thereof. A photovoltaic device is also provided.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A photovoltaic device, comprising:
 a substrate;   a refractory electrode material on the substrate;   a contact material on the refractory electrode material, wherein the contact material comprises a transition metal oxide;   an absorber layer on the contact material, wherein the absorber layer comprises silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), and at least one of sulfur (S) and selenium (Se);   a buffer layer on the absorber layer; and   a top electrode on the buffer layer.   
     
     
         2 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a glass, a ceramic, a metal foil, or a plastic substrate. 
     
     
         3 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 1 , wherein the refractory electrode material is selected from the group consisting of: molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), platinum (Pt), titanium (Ti), titanium nitride (TiN), fluorinated tin oxide (FTO), and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         4 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 1 , wherein the refractory electrode material has a thickness of from about 0.5 micrometer to about 2 micrometers, and ranges therebetween. 
     
     
         5 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 1 , wherein the transition metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of: titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO), zinc tin oxide (ZnSnO), gallium oxide (Ga 2 O 3 ), and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         6 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 1 , wherein the transition metal oxide comprises TiO 2 . 
     
     
         7 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 1 , wherein the contact material has a thickness of from about 5 nanometers to about 100 nanometers, and ranges therebetween. 
     
     
         8 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 1 , wherein the buffer layer comprises a buffer material selected from the group consisting of: copper(I) oxide (Cu 2 O), nickel(II) oxide (NiO), zinc telluride (ZnTe), aluminum phosphide (AlP), molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ), cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper(I) iodide (CuI, molybdenum(IV) oxide (MoO 2 ), molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), molybdenum diselenide (MoSe 2 ), and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         9 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 1 , wherein the buffer layer comprises MoO 3 . 
     
     
         10 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 1 , wherein the top electrode comprises a transparent conductive oxide. 
     
     
         11 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 10 , wherein the transparent conductive oxide is selected from the group consisting of: indium-tin-oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         12 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 metal contacts on the top electrode.   
     
     
         13 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 12 , wherein the metal contacts comprise a metal selected from the group consisting of: gold (Au), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         14 . A photovoltaic device, comprising:
 a substrate;   a refractory electrode material on the substrate, wherein the refractory electrode material is selected from the group consisting of: Mo, W, Pt, Ti, TiN, FTO, and combinations thereof;   a contact material on the refractory electrode material, wherein the contact material comprises a transition metal oxide selected from the group consisting of: TiO 2 , ZnO, SnO, ZnSnO, Ga 2 O 3 , and combinations thereof;   an absorber layer on the contact material, wherein the absorber layer comprises silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), and at least one of sulfur (S) and selenium (Se);   a buffer layer on the absorber layer; and   a top electrode on the buffer layer.   
     
     
         15 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 14 , wherein the refractory electrode material has a thickness of from about 0.5 micrometer to about 2 micrometers, and ranges therebetween. 
     
     
         16 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 14 , wherein the contact material has a thickness of from about 5 nanometers to about 100 nanometers, and ranges therebetween. 
     
     
         17 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 14 , wherein the buffer layer comprises a buffer material selected from the group consisting of: copper(I) oxide (Cu 2 O), nickel(II) oxide (NiO), zinc telluride (ZnTe), aluminum phosphide (AlP), molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ), cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper(I) iodide (CuI, molybdenum(IV) oxide (MoO 2 ), molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), molybdenum diselenide (MoSe 2 ), and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         18 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 14 , wherein the top electrode comprises a transparent conductive oxide. 
     
     
         19 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 18 , wherein the transparent conductive oxide is selected from the group consisting of: indium-tin-oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         20 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 metal contacts on the top electrode, wherein the metal contacts comprise a metal selected from the group consisting of: Au, Ag, Al, Ni, and combinations thereof.