Composition and method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition in spark-ignited internal combustion engines

Abstract

Fuel and lubricant compositions are provided that contain a primary low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI)-reducing additive comprising (i) an amino additive, (ii) an amine additive, (iii) a triazole additive, (iv) a benzamidinium additive, (v) a benzoxazole additive, or (vi) a N═C—X motif additive. Methods for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in spark-ignited engines using these compositions are also provided.

1 . A fuel composition comprising (1) greater than 50 wt % of a hydrocarbon fuel boiling in the gasoline or diesel range and (2) a minor amount of one or more of:
 a primary low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI)-reducing additive comprising (i) an amino additive, (ii) an amine additive, (iii) a triazole additive, (iv) a benzamidinium additive, (v) a benzoxazole additive, or (vi) a N═C—X motif additive having a structure of   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           wherein X 1  and X 2  are independently H, C, N, O, or S; and 
           wherein X 1  or X 2  independently includes one or more C 1 -C 20  alkyl group or one or more aromatic group. 
         
       
     
     
         2 . The fuel composition of  claim 1 , wherein the amino additive is a beta-amino alkanol, an amino acid, or an amino ester. 
     
     
         3 . The fuel composition of  claim 1 , wherein the amine additive is aromatic amine or aliphatic amine. 
     
     
         4 . The fuel composition of  claim 1 , wherein the triazole additive is 5,6-dimethylbenzotriazole. 
     
     
         5 . The fuel composition of  claim 1 , wherein the primary LSPI-reducing additive is prolinol, aliquat, morphguam, 2-aminobenzimidazole, AHPD, N,N-dimethyl-N-octylbenzamidinium-2-oxide, benzoxazole, 2-methylquinolin-8-amine, or 2-aminobenzoxazole. 
     
     
         6 . The fuel composition of  claim 1 , wherein the N═C—X motif additive is an amidine, a guanidine, an imidazole, a benzamidine, a benzimidazole, or an amino benzimidazole. 
     
     
         7 . The fuel composition of  claim 6 , wherein the amidine is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,2-dimethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,2-diethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), 2-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undece-7-ene (DBU). 
     
     
         8 . The fuel composition of  claim 6 , wherein the guanidine is 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG), 2-tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (BTMG), 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), 1,2-diphenylguanidine, or 7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (MTBD). 
     
     
         9 . The fuel composition of  claim 1 , further comprising:
 a secondary LSPI-reducing additive comprising an acid additive, a phenol additive, a 1,3 dicarbonyl additive, a hydroxamide additive, antioxidant additive, or salicylate additive.   
     
     
         10 . The fuel composition of  claim 9 , wherein the primary LSPI-reducing additive and the secondary LSPI-reducing additive form a salt. 
     
     
         11 . The fuel composition of  claim 9 , wherein the acid additive is an aliphatic acid, an unsaturated acid, an alkylaromatic acid, an aromatic acid, a hydroxy acid, or an amino acid. 
     
     
         12 . The fuel composition of  claim 9 , wherein the secondary LSPI-reducing additive is 2-ethylhexanoate, isostreate, proline, diketone, oleate, toluene, tetraline carboxylate, phenoxide, phenol carboxylate, hydroxy acid, 2-hydroxy-5-(tetracosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23-dodecayn-1-yl)benzoic acid-dihydrogen or ketoester. 
     
     
         13 . A fuel concentrate comprising (1) from 90 to 30 wt % of an organic solvent boiling in a range of from 65° C. to 205° C. and (2) from 10 to 70 wt % of an additive component selected from one or more of
 (i) an amino additive, (ii) an amine additive, (iii) a triazole additive, (iv) a benzamidinium additive, (v) a benzoxazole additive, or (vi) a N═C—X motif additive having a structure of 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           wherein X 1  and X 2  are independently H, C, N, O, or S; and 
           wherein X 1  or X 2  independently includes one or more C 1 -C 20  alkyl group or one or more aromatic group. 
         
       
     
     
         14 . The fuel concentrate of  claim 13 , wherein the amino additive is a beta-amino alkanol, an amino acid, or an amino ester. 
     
     
         15 . The fuel concentrate of  claim 13 , wherein the amine additive is aromatic amine or aliphatic amine. 
     
     
         16 . The fuel concentrate of  claim 13 , wherein the triazole additive is 5,6-dimethylbenzotriazole. 
     
     
         17 . The fuel concentrate of  claim 13 , primary LSPI-reducing additive is prolinol, aliquat, morphguam, 2-aminobenzimidazole, AHPD, N,N-dimethyl-N-octylbenzamidinium-2-oxide, benzoxazole, 2-methylquinolin-8-amine, or 2-aminobenzoxazole. 
     
     
         18 . The fuel concentrate of  claim 13 , wherein the N═C—X motif additive is an amidine, a guanidine, an imidazole, a benzamidine, a benzimidazole, or an amino benzimidazole. 
     
     
         19 . The fuel concentrate of  claim 18 , wherein the amidine is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,2-dimethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,2-diethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), 2-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undece-7-ene (DBU). 
     
     
         20 . The fuel concentrate of  claim 18 , wherein the guanidine is 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG), 2-tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (BTMG), 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), 1,2-diphenylguanidine, or 7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (MTBD). 
     
     
         21 . The fuel concentrate of  claim 13 , further comprising:
 a secondary LSPI-reducing additive comprising an acid additive, a phenol additive, a 1,3 dicarbonyl additive, a hydroxamide additive, an antioxidant additive, or a salicylate additive.   
     
     
         22 . The fuel concentrate of  claim 21 , wherein the acid additive is an aliphatic acid, an unsaturated acid, an alkylaromatic acid, an aromatic acid, a hydroxy acid, or an amino acid. 
     
     
         23 . The fuel concentrate of  claim 21 , wherein the secondary LSPI-reducing additive is 2-ethylhexanoate, isostreate, proline, diketone, oleate, toluene, tetraline carboxylate, phenoxide, phenol carboxylate, hydroxy acid, or ketoester. 
     
     
         24 . A lubricating oil composition comprising (1) greater than 50 wt % of a base oil and (2) 0.01 to 15 wt % of a component selected from one or more of
 a primary low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI)-reducing additive comprising (i) an amino additive, (ii) an amine additive, (iii) a triazole additive, (iv) a benzamidinium additive, (v) a benzoxazole additive, or (vi) a N═C—X motif additive having a structure of   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           wherein X 1  and X 2  are independently H, C, N, O, or S; and 
           wherein X 1  or X 2  independently includes one or more C 1 -C 20  alkyl group or one or more aromatic group. 
         
       
     
     
         25 . The lubricating oil composition of  claim 24 , wherein the amino additive is a beta-amino alkanol, an amino acid, or an amino ester. 
     
     
         26 . The lubricating oil composition of  claim 24 , wherein the amine additive is aromatic amine or aliphatic amine. 
     
     
         27 . The lubricating oil composition of  claim 24 , wherein the triazole additive is 5,6-dimethylbenzotriazole. 
     
     
         28 . The lubricating oil composition of  claim 24 , wherein the primary LSPI-reducing additive is prolinol, aliquat, morphguam, 2-aminobenzimidazole, AHPD, N,N-dimethyl-N-octylbenzamidinium-2-oxide, benzoxazole, 2-methylquinolin-8-amine, or 2-aminobenzoxazole. 
     
     
         29 . The lubricating oil composition of  claim 24 , wherein the N═C—X motif additive is an amidine, a guanidine, an imidazole, a benzamidine, a benzimidazole, or an amino benzimidazole. 
     
     
         30 . The lubricating oil composition of  claim 29 , wherein the amidine is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,2-dimethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,2-diethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), 2-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undece-7-ene (DBU). 
     
     
         31 . The lubricating oil composition of  claim 29 , wherein the guanidine is 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG), 2-tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (BTMG), 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), 1,2-diphenylguanidine, or 7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (MTBD). 
     
     
         32 . The lubricating oil composition of  claim 24 , further comprising:
 a secondary LSPI-reducing additive comprising an acid additive, a phenol additive, a 1,3 dicarbonyl additive, a hydroxamide additive, antioxidant additive, or salicylate additive.   
     
     
         33 . The lubricating oil composition of  claim 32 , wherein the secondary LSPI-reducing additive is 2-ethylhexanoate, isostreate, proline, diketone, oleate, toluene, tetraline carboxylate, phenoxide, phenol carboxylate, hydroxy acid, or ketoester. 
     
     
         34 . A method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in a spark-ignited internal combustion engine, the method comprising supplying to the engine the lubricating oil composition comprising of  claim 24 . 
     
     
         35 . The method of  claim 34 , wherein the spark-ignited internal combustion engine is operated at a speed of less than 3000 rpm. 
     
     
         36 . The method of  claim 34 , wherein the spark-ignited internal combustion engine is operated under a load with a brake mean effective pressure of at least 10 bar (1 MPa). 
     
     
         37 . A method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in a spark-ignited internal combustion engine, the method comprising supplying to the engine the fuel composition comprising of  claim 1 . 
     
     
         38 . The method of  claim 37 , wherein the spark-ignited internal combustion engine is operated at a speed of less than 3000 rpm. 
     
     
         39 . The method of  claim 37 , wherein the spark-ignited internal combustion engine is operated under a load with a brake mean effective pressure of at least 10 bar (1 MPa).