Gluten-Derived Flame Retardant Materials

Abstract

A process of forming a gluten-derived flame retardant material includes forming an amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule that includes an aryl halide group and a phosphorus moiety. The process also includes chemically reacting the amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule with a first gluten protein under transamidation conditions to bind the phosphorus moiety to secondary amine of the first gluten protein. The process further includes initiating a cross-coupling reaction between the aryl halide group and a terminal amine group of a second gluten protein to form a gluten-derived flame retardant material.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A process of forming a gluten-derived flame retardant material, the process comprising:
 forming an amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule that includes an aryl halide group and a phosphorus moiety;   chemically reacting the amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule with a first gluten protein under transamidation conditions to bind the phosphorus moiety to a secondary amine of the first gluten protein; and   initiating a cross-coupling reaction between the aryl halide group and a terminal amine group of a second gluten protein to form a gluten-derived flame retardant material.   
     
     
         2 . The process of  claim 1 , wherein the amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule includes a halogenated arylamine. 
     
     
         3 . The process of  claim 2 , wherein the phosphorus moiety includes phosphate group. 
     
     
         4 . The process of  claim 1 , wherein the amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule includes a halogenated secondary amine. 
     
     
         5 . The process of  claim 4 , wherein the phosphorus moiety includes phosphate group. 
     
     
         6 . The process of  claim 1 , wherein the phosphorus moiety includes phosphonate group. 
     
     
         7 . The process of  claim 1 , wherein the cross-coupling reaction includes a Hartwig-Buchwald cross-coupling reaction. 
     
     
         8 . A process of forming a gluten-derived flame retardant material, the process comprising:
 forming a mixture that includes—at least two gluten proteins and an amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule that includes a phosphorus moiety;   initiating a chemical reaction between a secondary amine of an amino acid component of a first gluten protein having a terminal carboxylic acid group and the amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule under amidation conditions to form a gluten-derived flame retardant material; and   initiating a cross-coupling reaction between the aryl halide group and a terminal amine group of a second gluten protein to form a gluten-derived flame retardant material.   
     
     
         9 . The process of  claim 8 , wherein the amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule includes an arylamine. 
     
     
         10 . The process of  claim 9 , wherein the phosphorus moiety includes phosphate group. 
     
     
         11 . The process of  claim 8 , wherein the amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule includes an alkylamine. 
     
     
         12 . The process of  claim 11 , wherein the phosphorus moiety includes phosphate group. 
     
     
         13 . The process of  claim 8 , wherein the amino acid component of the gluten protein having the terminal carboxylic acid group includes glutamic acid. 
     
     
         14 . A gluten-derived flame retardant material formed by a process comprising:
 forming a mixture that includes at least two gluten proteins and an amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule that includes a phosphorus moiety;   initiating a chemical reaction between the amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule and a secondary amine of a first gluten protein to bind the phosphorus moiety to the first gluten protein; and   initiating a cross-coupling reaction between the aryl halide group and a terminal amine group of a second gluten protein to form a gluten-derived flame retardant material.   
     
     
         15 . The gluten-derived flame retardant material of  claim 14 , wherein the chemical reaction includes a transamidation reaction between an internal amide linkage of the first gluten protein and an amine group of the amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule. 
     
     
         16 . The gluten-derived flame retardant material of  claim 14 , wherein the chemical reaction includes an amidation reaction between an amino acid component of the gluten protein and the amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule. 
     
     
         17 . The gluten-derived flame retardant material of  claim 16 , wherein the amino acid component of the gluten protein includes glutamic acid, aspartic acid, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         18 . The gluten-derived flame retardant material of  claim 16 , wherein the amine-functionalized flame retardant molecule includes an arylamine and a phosphate group or an alkylamine and a phosphate group.