Heavy Fluid and Method of Making It

Abstract

Heavy fluids are made from calcium bromide and at least one hydrogen bond donor such as a low molecular weight polyol or an organic acid. The combination of a hydrogen bond donor and calcium bromide as a hydrogen bond acceptor in an appropriate molar ratio forms a higher density clear completion fluid at a low temperature not otherwise obtainable with heavy aqueous solutions of calcium bromide such as are used in oilfield wells. A method of making the fluid comprises mixing calcium bromide with the polyol(s) in the presence of water and then reducing the water content, thus forming a heavy fluid. A crystallization inhibitor such as nitrilitriacetamide or a particulate silicate is included in the formulation. When the heavy fluid “freezes,” its physical form is somewhat amorphous and pumpable rather than crystalline. The heavy fluid is useful as a drilling fluid as well as a completion fluid and for other purposes in oil recovery processes where extreme density is beneficial.

1 . Method of making a clear, zinc-free heavy fluid comprising (a) mixing (i) calcium bromide and 0% to 50% water by weight of the total of calcium bromide and water with (ii) at least one hydrogen donor in a mixture with up to 50% water by weight of the total of said hydrogen donor and water, (b) adding a small amount of crystallization inhibitor to the mixture of (a)(i) and (a)(ii), and (c) removing water from said mixture to achieve a density of said mixture of at least 16 pounds per gallon. 
     
     
         2 . Method of  claim 1  wherein said at least one hydrogen donor comprises at least one polyol having from 2-6 carbon atoms and 2-6 hydroxyl groups or at least one organic acid. 
     
     
         3 . Method of  claim 1  wherein said calcium bromide in part (a)(i) is a saturated solution of calcium bromide in said water. 
     
     
         4 . Method of  claim 1  wherein said calcium bromide in part (a)(i) is solid calcium bromide. 
     
     
         5 . Method of  claim 1  wherein (1) step (a)(i) produces an aqueous solution of calcium bromide having a density of 13.9 to 14.5 pounds per gallon, (2) the mixture of part (a)(ii) comprises water and 9-11 percent of a polyol selected from ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin and mixtures thereof based on the weight of the CaBr 2  solution, and (3) wherein, in step (c), 18-22 percent water, based on the weight of the whole solution, is removed. 
     
     
         6 . Method of  claim 5  wherein the calcium bromide solution in produced in step (a)(i) has a density of 14.1 to 14.3 pounds per gallon. 
     
     
         7 . Method of  claim 5  wherein the mixture of part (a)(ii) comprises 9.8 to 10.2 percent ethylene glycol. 
     
     
         8 . Method of  claim 5  wherein, in step (c), 19.5 to 20.5 percent of the solution is removed as water. 
     
     
         9 . Method of  claim 5  wherein, in step (c), said water is removed by evaporation. 
     
     
         10 . Method of making a phase controlled heavy fluid comprising (a) mixing at least one low molecular weight polyol with calcium bromide in the presence of water or dilute brine, and (b) reducing the water concentration in the mixture of step (a) to obtain a fluid having (i) a crystallization point lower than a fluid of the same proportions of the same ingredients made by mixing without removing water, and (ii) a density of at least 15 pounds per gallon. 
     
     
         11 . Method of  claim 10  wherein said crystallization point is lower than 40° F. 
     
     
         12 . Method of  claim 10  wherein said low molecular weight polyol comprises ethylene glycol. 
     
     
         13 . Method of  claim 10  wherein, step (a) comprises mixing said low molecular weight polyol with an aqueous solution of calcium bromide. 
     
     
         14 . Method of  claim 10  wherein step (a) comprises mixing in at least some of said calcium bromide as a dry salt. 
     
     
         15 . A clear fluid having a density of at least 15 pounds per gallon, said fluid comprising ethylene glycol, calcium bromide, a small amount of crystallization inhibitor, and water, said fluid having a crystallization temperature lower than a fluid of the same composition and proportions made without reducing its water content. 
     
     
         16 . The clear fluid of  claim 15  wherein said crystallization inhibitor comprises nitrilotriacetamide. 
     
     
         17 . The clear fluid of  claim 15  including at least one additive selected from viscosity enhancing agents, corrosion inhibitors, antibacterial agents, viscosity adjusters, and hydrate inhibitors. 
     
     
         18 . The clear fluid of  claim 15  including at least one low molecular weight polyol of the formula OHCH 2 C(OH) 2 CH 2 X, where X is H or OH in a ratio of 1 said low molecular weight polyol:3-9 ethylene glycol. 
     
     
         19 . Method of drilling a wellbore with a drill bit comprising circulating a fluid of  claim 15  around said drill bit to remove drill cuttings. 
     
     
         20 . Method of completing a well comprising circulating a clear fluid of  claim 15  through said well.