Scalable back-gated functionalized graphene field effect transistors for detection of dna and other target molecules

Abstract

A method of fracturing a subterranean formation penetrated by a well comprises: combining an aqueous carrier with a superabsorbent polymer and a borated galactomannan to form a hydraulic fracturing composition; and pumping the hydraulic fracturing composition into the well.

1 . A sensor device, comprising:
 a portion of graphene;   a polyaromatic molecule attached to and in electrical communication with the portion of graphene,   the polyaromatic molecule comprising a leaving group configured to be displaced by an amine group.   
     
     
         2 . The sensor device of  claim 1 , wherein the polyaromatic molecule comprises at least two aromatic rings fused to one another. 
     
     
         3 . The sensor device of  claim 1 , wherein the polyaromatic molecule comprises from two to ten aromatic rings. 
     
     
         4 . The sensor device of  claim 1 , wherein the polyaromatic molecule comprises pyrene. 
     
     
         5 . The sensor device of  claim 1 , wherein the polyaromatic molecule is attached to the portion of graphene via pi-pi orbital interaction, via covalent bonding, via ionic bonding, via hydrogen bonding, or any combination thereof. 
     
     
         6 . (canceled) 
     
     
         7 . The sensor device of  claim 1 , wherein the leaving group comprises isothiocyanate, isocyanates, acyl azide, NHS ester, sulfonyl chloride, aldehyde, glyoxal, epoxide, oxirane, carbonate, aryl halide, imidoester, carbodiimide, anhydride, fluorophenyl ester, or any combination thereof. 
     
     
         8 . The sensor device of  claim 1 , wherein the leaving group comprises N-hydroxysuccinimide, sulfo-NHS, hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt), pentafluorophenol, or any combination thereof. 
     
     
         9 . The sensor device of  claim 1 , wherein the leaving group comprises N-hydroxysuccinimide. 
     
     
         10 . The sensor device of  claim 1 , wherein the portion of graphene is disposed on a substrate. 
     
     
         11 . (canceled) 
     
     
         12 . The sensor device of  claim 10 , wherein the graphene is in electrical communication with at least one electrode. 
     
     
         13 . A sensor device, comprising:
 a portion of graphene;   a polyaromatic molecule attached to and in electrical communication with the portion of graphene,   the polyaromatic molecule being in electronic communication with a detection moiety configured to interact with a target molecule.   
     
     
         14 . The sensor device of  claim 13 , wherein the polyaromatic molecule comprises at least two aromatic rings fused to one another. 
     
     
         15 . (canceled) 
     
     
         16 . The sensor device of  claim 13 , wherein the polyaromatic molecule comprises pyrene. 
     
     
         17 . The sensor device of  claim 13 , wherein the polyaromatic molecule is attached to the portion of graphene via pi-pi orbital interaction, via covalent bonding, via ionic bonding, via hydrogen bonding, or any combination thereof. 
     
     
         18 . (canceled) 
     
     
         19 . The sensor device of  claim 13 , wherein the detection moiety comprises a plurality of nucleotides. 
     
     
         20 . The sensor device of  claim 19 , wherein the detection moiety is an oligonucelotide, an aptamer, or any combination thereof. 
     
     
         21 . (canceled) 
     
     
         22 . (canceled) 
     
     
         23 . (canceled) 
     
     
         24 . (canceled) 
     
     
         25 . (canceled) 
     
     
         26 . A method, comprising:
 contacting a sample to a detection moiety attached to a portion of graphene,   the detection moiety being attached to a polyaromatic molecule in electrical communication with a portion of graphene; and   measuring an electrical signal of the device related to an interaction between the detection moiety and the sample.   
     
     
         27 . A method of fabricating a detector device, comprising:
 attaching a polyaromatic molecule to a portion of graphene so as to place the polyaromatic molecule into electrical communication with the portion of graphene;   attaching a detection moiety to the polyaromatic molecule;   placing the portion of graphene into electrical communication with at least one electrode.   
     
     
         28 . (canceled) 
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein attaching the polyaromatic molecule is effected by pi-pi orbital interaction, by covalent bonding, by ionic bonding, by hydrogen bonding, or any combination thereof. 
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein attaching a detection moiety to the polyaromatic molecule is effected by a displacement reaction. 
     
     
         31 . (canceled) 
     
     
         32 . (canceled) 
     
     
         33 . (canceled) 
     
     
         34 . (canceled)