Metal deposits, compositions, and methods for making the same

Abstract

Provided herein is a composition for forming a metal deposit on a substrate. The composition consists essentially of a carboxamide, trialkylamine chloride, and a metal salt. The carboxamide comprises Formula (I). The trialkylamine chloride and the carboxamide are in molar ratio between 1:1 and 1:30 to form an ionic liquid. The trialkylamine chloride is trimethylamine chloride (TMACl), triethylamine chloride (TEACl), triethanolamine chloride, or combinations thereof. The metal salt has the formula MX y , wherein M is a metal, X is a halide, and y is an oxidation number of M, the metal salt being in a concentration between about 0.2 and about 1.5 moles per liter of the ionic liquid. The metal deposit has an average grain size between about 0.2 μm and about 3 μm and contains less than about 1 mol % of each oxygen, carbon, and chlorine.

1 . A metal deposit formed on a substrate,
 the metal deposit being formed from a composition comprising: a carboxamide, a trialkylamine hydrochloride, and a metal salt;   the carboxamide comprising Formula (I):   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein n is 1 to 6; 
         each Q is O; 
         R 1  is independently chosen from H or alkyl, and R 3  is NR 4 R 5 ; or R 1  and R 3  are taken together to form a ring; and 
         each R 2 , R 4 , and R 5  is independently chosen from H or alkyl; 
         the trialkylamine hydrochloride being selected from the group consisting of trimethylamine hydrochloride (TMA-HCl), triethylamine hydrochloride (TEA-HCl), triethanolamine hydrochloride, and combinations thereof; and 
         the metal salt having the formula MX y , wherein M is a metal, X is a halide, and y is an oxidation number of M; 
         wherein the trialkylamine hydrochloride and the carboxamide are present in the composition in molar ratio between 1:1 and 1:30 to form an ionic liquid, and the metal salt is present in the composition in a concentration between about 0.2 and about 1.5 moles per liter of the ionic liquid; and 
         wherein the metal deposit is formed on the substrate from the composition such that the metal deposit has an average grain size between about 0.2 μm and about 3 μm and contains less than about 1 mol % of each oxygen, carbon, and chlorine. 
       
     
     
         2 . The metal deposit of  claim 1 , wherein the carboxamide of Formula (I) comprises a compound of Formula (II): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein n is 1 to 6; 
         R 1 , R 4 , and R 5  are independently chosen from H or alkyl; and 
         each R 2  is chosen from H or alkyl. 
       
     
     
         3 . The metal deposit of  claim 2 , wherein the carboxamide of Formula (II) comprises a compound of Formula (III): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein n is 1 to 6. 
       
     
     
         4 . The metal deposit of  claim 1 , wherein the carboxamide of Formula (I) comprises a compound of Formula (IV): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         n is 2 to 6; 
         each Q is O; and 
         each R 2 , R 4 , and R 5  is independently chosen from H or alkyl. 
       
     
     
         5 . The metal deposit of  claim 4 , wherein the carboxamide of Formula (IV) comprises a compound of Formula (V): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         each Q is O; and 
         each R 2 , R 4 , and R 5  is independently chosen from H or alkyl. 
       
     
     
         6 . The metal deposit of  claim 1 , wherein the carboxamide of Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of urea, biuret, triuret, tetrauret, pentauret, hexauret, cyanuric acid, ammelide, ammeline, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         7 . The metal deposit of  claim 6 , wherein the carboxamide is urea or biuret. 
     
     
         8 . The metal deposit of  claim 1 , wherein the trialkylamine hydrochloride and the carboxamide are in molar ratio of about 1:2. 
     
     
         9 . The metal deposit of  claim 1 , wherein the trialkylamine hydrochloride and the carboxamide are in molar ratio of about 1:10. 
     
     
         10 . The metal deposit of  claim 1 , wherein the concentration of metal salt is about 0.3 moles per liter of the ionic liquid. 
     
     
         11 . The metal deposit of  claim 1 , wherein M is Fe. 
     
     
         12 . The metal deposit of  claim 1 , wherein X is Cl. 
     
     
         13 . The metal deposit of  claim 1 , wherein y is 3. 
     
     
         14 . The metal deposit of  claim 1 , wherein the metal deposit is an iron deposit. 
     
     
         15 . The metal deposit of  claim 1 , wherein M is Fe, X is Cl, and y is 3, and the metal deposit is an iron deposit. 
     
     
         16 . An iron deposit formed on a substrate;
 the iron deposit formed from a composition comprising a carboxamide, trialkylamine hydrochloride, and a metal salt; wherein   the carboxamide is selected from the group consisting of urea, biuret, triuret, tetrauret, pentauret, hexauret, cyanuric acid, ammelide, ammeline, and combinations thereof;   the trialkylamine hydrochloride is trimethylamine hydrochloride (TMA-HCl), triethylamine hydrochloride (TEA-HCl), or combinations of the two; and   the metal salt having the formula MX y , wherein M is a metal, X is a halide, and y is an oxidation number of M,   wherein the trialkylamine hydrochloride and the carboxamide are present in the composition in molar ratio between 1:1 and 1:30 to form an ionic liquid, and the metal salt is present in the composition in a concentration between about 0.2 and about 1.5 moles per liter of the ionic liquid; and   wherein the iron deposit is formed on the substrate from the composition such that the iron deposit has an average grain size between about 0.2 μm and about 3 μm and contains less than about 1 mol % of each oxygen, carbon, and chlorine.   
     
     
         17 . The iron deposit of  claim 16 , wherein the carboxamide is urea or biuret. 
     
     
         18 . The iron deposit of  claim 16 , wherein the trialkylamine hydrochloride and the carboxamide are in molar ratio of about 1:2. 
     
     
         19 . The iron deposit of  claim 16 , wherein the trialkylamine hydrochloride and the carboxamide are in molar ratio of about 1:10. 
     
     
         20 . The iron deposit of  claim 16 , wherein the concentration of metal salt is about 0.3 moles per liter of the ionic liquid. 
     
     
         21 . The iron deposit of  claim 16 , wherein M is Fe. 
     
     
         22 . The iron deposit of  claim 16 , wherein X is Cl. 
     
     
         23 . The iron deposit of  claim 16 , wherein y is 3. 
     
     
         24 . The iron deposit of  claim 16 , wherein M is Fe, X is Cl, and y is 3. 
     
     
         25 . An iron deposit formed on a substrate from an electrolyte;
 the electrolyte comprising trialkylamine hydrohalide, urea, and an iron salt   the iron deposit being formed on the substrate by inducing a potential between the iron salt and the substrate through the electrolyte to cause a metal-metal bond to form between the iron salt and metal on the substrate;   the trialkylamine hydrohalide and urea being present in the electrolyte in molar ratio between 1:1 and 1:30 to form an ionic liquid, and the iron salt being present in the electrolyte at a concentration between about 0.2 and about 1.5 moles per liter of the ionic liquid;   wherein the iron deposit is formed on the substrate from the electrolyte such that the iron deposit has an average grain size between about 0.2 μm and about 3 μm and contains less than about 1 mol % of each oxygen, carbon, and chlorine.   
     
     
         26 . The iron deposit of  claim 25  with an average grain size between about 0.5 μm and about 2 μm. 
     
     
         27 . The iron deposit of  claim 25 , wherein the potential has a current density between about 10 mA/cm 3  and about 300 mA/cm 3 . 
     
     
         28 . The iron deposit of  claim 25 , wherein the potential has a reducing potential of between about −0.6 V and about −2.2 V. 
     
     
         29 . The iron deposit of  claim 25 , wherein the trialkylamine hydrohalide and the carboxamide are in molar ratio of about 1:2. 
     
     
         30 . The iron deposit of  claim 25 , wherein the concentration of metal salt is about 0.3 moles per liter of the ionic liquid.