Electro-optic displays

Abstract

The invention provides an electrophoretic medium comprising at least two types of particles having substantially the same electrophoretic mobility but differing colors. The invention also provides article of manufacture comprising a layer of a solid electro-optic medium, a first adhesive layer on one surface of the electro-optic medium, a release sheet covering the first adhesive layer, and a second adhesive layer on an opposed second surface of the electro-optic medium.

1 . A process for forming an electrophoretic medium, the process comprising: mixing at least two pigments having differing colors to form a mixed pigment; subjecting the mixed pigment to at least one surface treatment; and dispersing the surface-treated mixed pigment in a suspending fluid to form at least two types of particles having substantially the same electrophoretic mobility but differing colors. 
     
     
         2 . A process according to  claim 1  wherein the at least one surface treatment comprises coating the mixed pigment with a coating selected from silica and silica/alumina. 
     
     
         3 . A process according to  claim 1  wherein the at least one surface treatment comprises forming a polymer on the mixed pigment. 
     
     
         4 . A process according to  claim 3  wherein the at least one surface treatment comprises treating the mixed pigment with a silane coupling agent to provide sites at which a polymer can be attached to the mixed pigment, and thereafter treating the silylated mixed pigment with at least one monomer and oligomer under conditions effective to cause polymer for form of the mixed pigment surface. 
     
     
         5 . A process according to  claim 1  further comprising encapsulating the electrically charged particles and the suspending fluid within at least one capsule. 
     
     
         6 . An electro-optic display element comprising: an electro-optic display medium; an optical biasing element arranged to modify an optical characteristic of the electro-optic display element; and an addressing electrode to address the electro-optic display medium, wherein the color of the optical biasing element varies in different portions of the electro-optic display element, so that the optical biasing element forms a color filter. 
     
     
         7 . An electro-optic display element according to  claim 6  wherein the electro-optic display medium is an electrophoretic medium comprising a suspending fluid, a plurality of electrically charged particles suspended in the suspending fluid and capable of moving therethrough on application of an electric field to the suspending fluid, and at least one capsule having a capsule wall surrounding the suspending fluid and the electrically charged particles, the display element optionally comprising a binder surrounding the capsules and/or a lamination adhesive disposed adjacent the electrophoretic medium and/or a front electrode disposed between the electrophoretic medium and a viewing surface of the display, and wherein the optical biasing element is disposed in at least one of the capsule wall, the binder, the lamination adhesive and the front electrode. 
     
     
         8 . An electrophoretic medium comprising a plurality of capsules, each capsule comprising a suspending fluid, a plurality of electrically charged particles suspended in the suspending fluid and capable of moving therethrough on application of an electric field to the suspending fluid, and a capsule wall surrounding the suspending fluid and the electrically charged particles, the medium further comprising a color filter array having a plurality of non-rectangular pixels. 
     
     
         9 . An electrophoretic medium according to  claim 8  wherein the pixels of the color filter array are hexagonal, square, or triangular. 
     
     
         10 . An electro-optic display comprising a layer of a solid electro-optic medium, at least one electrode arranged adjacent the layer of electro-optic medium so as to apply an electric field thereto, and a color filter array disposed between the electro-optic medium and the electrode, the resistance of the color filter array being not substantially greater than that of the layer of electro-optic medium. 
     
     
         11 . An electro-optic display according to  claim 10  wherein the color filter array has a volume resistivity not greater than about 10 10  ohm cm. 
     
     
         12 . A process for forming a color filter array, the process comprising: imaging a photosensitive film to form a color filter array pattern thereon; and thereafter depositing a conductive layer on to the photosensitive film. 
     
     
         13 . A process for forming an electrophoretic display, the process comprising: providing a color filter array; providing an electrophoretic medium comprising a plurality of capsules, each capsule comprising a suspending fluid, a plurality of electrically charged particles suspended in the suspending fluid and capable of moving therethrough on application of an electric field to the suspending fluid, and a capsule wall surrounding the suspending fluid and the electrically charged particles; depositing the electrophoretic medium on the color filter array to form a coated color filter array; and thereafter laminating the coated color filter array to a backplane comprising at least one pixel electrode. 
     
     
         14 . A process according to  claim 13  wherein the surface of the color filter array is surface treated prior to the deposition to produce regions of varying surface energy on the surface. 
     
     
         15 . A process for depositing an electrophoretic medium on an electrode, the process comprising: providing an electrode; providing an electrophoretic medium comprising a plurality of capsules, each capsule comprising a suspending fluid, a plurality of electrically charged particles suspended in the suspending fluid and capable of moving therethrough on application of an electric field to the suspending fluid, and a capsule wall surrounding the suspending fluid and the electrically charged particles; surface treating the electrode to produce regions of varying surface energy thereon; and depositing the electrophoretic medium on the surface-treated electrode. 
     
     
         16 . A process for forming an electrophoretic display, the process comprising: providing a front substrate; providing a backplane; providing an electrophoretic medium comprising a plurality of capsules, each capsule comprising a suspending fluid, a plurality of electrically charged particles suspended in the suspending fluid and capable of moving therethrough on application of an electric field to the suspending fluid, and a capsule wall surrounding the suspending fluid and the electrically charged particles; surface treating a surface of the front substrate to promote wetting thereof by the capsules; surface treating a surface of the backplane to promote dewetting thereof by the capsules; assembling the front substrate and the backplane together with the treated surfaces thereof facing each other, and with a gap between the treated surfaces; and introducing the electrophoretic medium into the gap, whereby the capsules of the electrophoretic medium pack against the treated surface of the front substrate. 
     
     
         17 . An electro-optic display comprising, in this order:
 a backplane comprising at least one electrode;   a first layer of lamination adhesive;   a layer of electro-optic material;   a second layer of lamination adhesive; and   a front substrate,   wherein peripheral portions of the first and second layers of lamination adhesive extend outwardly beyond the edges of the layer of electro-optic material, the peripheral portions of the first and second layers of lamination adhesive contacting each other and thereby forming a seal around the layer of electro-optic material.   
     
     
         18 . An electro-optic display according to  claim 17  further comprising a protective layer provided on the opposed side of the front substrate from the second layer of lamination adhesive. 
     
     
         19 . An electro-optic display according to  claim 17  wherein the electro-optic material comprises a rotating bichromal member or electrochromic material. 
     
     
         20 . An electro-optic display according to  claim 17  wherein the electro-optic material comprises an electrophoretic material comprising a plurality of electrically charged particles disposed in a fluid and capable of moving through the fluid under the influence of an electric field. 
     
     
         21 . An electro-optic display according to  claim 20  wherein the electrically charged particles and the fluid are confined within a plurality of capsules or microcells. 
     
     
         22 . An electro-optic display according to  claim 20  wherein the electrically charged particles and the fluid are present as a plurality of discrete droplets surrounded by a continuous phase comprising a polymeric material. 
     
     
         23 . An electro-optic display according to  claim 20  wherein the fluid is gaseous.