In vivo glucose sensing in an increased perfusion dermal layer

Abstract

Systems, devices, and methods are provided that enable the sensing of an analyte level within, e.g., the dermal layer of the skin of a subject. These systems, devices, and methods can utilize modalities that increase perfusion in an area local to a dermal sensor.

1 . An apparatus, comprising:
 a sensor insertable into a dermal layer of skin of a subject and adapted to sense an analyte level in the dermal layer;   a base from which the dermal sensor extends; and   a perfusion modulator adapted to increase perfusion in the dermal layer.   
     
     
         2 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the perfusion modulator is at least one surface feature located on the base, and wherein the base is adapted to contact the skin of the subject, with the sensor inserted into the dermal layer, and the at least one surface feature is adapted to apply pressure to increase perfusion in an area local to the sensor when inserted into the dermal layer. 
     
     
         3 . The apparatus of  claim 2 , wherein the at least one surface feature is at least one protrusion. 
     
     
         4 . The apparatus of  claim 3 , wherein the at least one protrusion has a wave-like shape. 
     
     
         5 . The apparatus of  claim 3 , wherein the at least one protrusion has a cross-sectional profile, the shape of the profile having a convex distal portion and concave proximal portions on both sides of the distal portion. 
     
     
         6 . The apparatus of  claim 3 , wherein a first one of the at least one protrusions has a cross-sectional profile, the shape of the profile being substantially that of a bell-curve. 
     
     
         7 . The apparatus of  claim 6 , further comprising a plurality of secondary protrusions. 
     
     
         8 . The apparatus of  claim 6 , wherein the dermal sensor extends from a distal termination of the first protrusion. 
     
     
         9 . The apparatus of  claim 6 , further comprising an insertion needle extending from the first protrusion adjacent to the dermal sensor. 
     
     
         10 . The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the insertion needle has an angled tip portion that extends over a distal termination of the dermal sensor and is adapted to create an insertion path for the dermal sensor. 
     
     
         11 . The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the insertion needle does not have an interior space and has a pointed, non-bladed distal termination. 
     
     
         12 . The apparatus of  claim 3 , wherein the at least one protrusion comprises a hemispherical proximal portion and a cylindrical distal portion. 
     
     
         13 . The apparatus of  claim 3 , wherein the at least one protrusion comprises a first protrusion having a hemispherical portion and a plurality of secondary protrusions. 
     
     
         14 . The apparatus of  claim 13 , wherein the plurality of secondary protrusions are arranged radially about and spaced apart from the hemispherical portion of the first protrusion. 
     
     
         15 . The apparatus of  claim 3 , wherein the at least one protrusion comprises a first protrusion having a cylindrical distal portion and a gradually sloping proximal portion that is located between the base and the cylindrical distal portion. 
     
     
         16 . The apparatus of  claim 15 , wherein the cylindrical distal portion defines a cavity that surrounds an opening from which the dermal sensor extends. 
     
     
         17 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , further comprising electrical circuitry adapted to control the dermal sensor. 
     
     
         18 . The apparatus of  claim 17 , further comprising:
 a power supply; and   a housing that houses the electrical circuitry and the power supply.   
     
     
         19 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , further comprising communication hardware for communicating data to a reader device. 
     
     
         20 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the dermal sensor comprises a sensing portion that is positioned to extend between 0.5 and 3.0 mm into the skin. 
     
     
         21 - 36 . (canceled)