Systems, apparatuses, and methods for generating and/or utilizing scalar-longitudinal waves

Abstract

Scalar-longitudinal waves (SLWs) may be transmitted and/or received. A first apparatus configured to transmit and/or receive SLWs may include a linear first conductor configured to operate as a linear monopole antenna at a first operating frequency. The first apparatus may include a tubular second conductor coaxially aligned with the first conductor and an annular balun configured to cancel most or all return current on an outer surface of the second conductor during operation such that the first conductor transmits or receives SLWs. A second apparatus configured to transmit and/or receive scalar-longitudinal waves may include a bifilar coil formed in an alternating fashion of a first conductor and a second conductor such that an electrical current in the coil will propagate in opposite directions in adjacent turns of the coil thereby cancelling any magnetic field so that during operation the coil transmits or receives SLWs.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . An apparatus configured to transmit or receive scalar-longitudinal waves, the apparatus comprising:
 two or more conductors including a first conductor and a second conductor physically configured and arranged to operate as an antenna at a first operating frequency;   wherein, during operation at the first operating frequency, a field resulting from current on the first conductor interferes with a field resulting from current on the second conductor such that the apparatus transmits or receives scalar-longitudinal waves which lack a magnetic field component; and   wherein scalar-longitudinal waves transmitted by the apparatus propagate through a conductive medium with substantially lower attenuation relative to a classical skin-depth attenuation.   
     
     
         2 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein during operation an electrical current wave on the first conductor is approximately 180 degrees out of phase relative to an electrical current wave on the second conductor thereby cancelling most or all of the return current on the outer surface of the second conductor. 
     
     
         3 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein attenuation of scalar-longitudinal waves transmitted by the first conductor is inversely proportional to the square of a distance from a center of the first conductor in free space. 
     
     
         4 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the conductive medium includes a Faraday box formed by a highly-conductive material that is solid or a fine-mesh-wire screen. 
     
     
         5 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , further comprising a Faraday box enclosing the first conductor and the second conductor, the Faraday box being configured to block most or all transverse electromagnetic waves impinging on the Faraday box. 
     
     
         6 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein there is zero or approximately zero inductance associated with the apparatus as a result of magnetic-field cancellation. 
     
     
         7 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein there is zero or approximately zero capacitance associated with the apparatus as a result of the first conductor and the second conductor having the same or approximately the same electrical charge density. 
     
     
         8 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is configured to create a gradient driven current. 
     
     
         9 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein an electrical resistance of the apparatus approximately matches a source impedance to maximize power transfer from the source to the apparatus. 
     
     
         10 . A method for utilizing scalar-longitudinal waves, the method comprising:
 transmitting or receiving scalar-longitudinal waves using a first apparatus in order to achieve a technical result;   wherein scalar-longitudinal waves transmitted by the first apparatus propagate through a conductive medium with substantially lower attenuation relative to a classical skin-depth attenuation; and   wherein the first apparatus comprises:
 two or more conductors including a first conductor and a second conductor physically configured and arranged to operate as an antenna at a first operating frequency, and, during operation at the first operating frequency, a field resulting from current on the first conductor interferes with a field resulting from current on the second conductor such that the apparatus transmits or receives scalar-longitudinal waves which lack a magnetic field component. 
   
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 10 , wherein:
 the technical result includes communicating and/or sensing information underwater; or   the technical result includes communicating and/or sensing information underground.   
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 10 , wherein the technical result includes enhancing a decay rate of a radioactive material. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 10 , wherein the technical result includes enhancing a fusion rate reaction to produce heat and/or electrical power. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 10 , wherein the technical result includes detecting scalar-longitudinal waves emitted from a chemical-bond-breaking process, the chemical-bond-breaking being caused by seismic activity associated with an earthquake or a failure of a manmade structure. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 10 , wherein the technical result includes imaging an object or a void. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 10 , further comprising providing a phased-array of scalar-longitudinal waves for the imaging. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 10 , wherein the technical result includes passive imaging of a living organism based on gradient-driven currents across cellular membranes. 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 10 , wherein the technical result includes transmission of scalar-longitudinal waves into a living organism to enhance health and/or treat a disease via gradient-driven currents across cellular membranes. 
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 10 , wherein the technical result includes transmission and/or reception of scalar-longitudinal waves for radar imaging of an object and/or a void. 
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 10 , wherein the technical result includes reception of solar-generated scalar-longitudinal waves to produce electrical power.