US2016217878A1PendingUtilityA1

Optoelectronic nuclear batteries based on radionuclide nanoencapsulation and organic photodiodes

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Assignee: UNIV FLORIDAPriority: Oct 18, 2013Filed: Oct 17, 2014Published: Jul 28, 2016
Est. expiryOct 18, 2033(~7.2 yrs left)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
Inventors:Juan Claudio NinoPaul M. JohnsJames Edward Baciak
G21G 4/04G21H 1/12H02S 40/38G21H 3/02Y02E70/30Y02E10/50
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Claims

Abstract

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to compositions including a doped material, batteries including the composition, photovoltaic devices including the battery, and the like.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
1 . A composition, comprising:
 a material doped including radioactive nuclides to form a doped material, wherein the doped material absorbs a radiation emission from the radioactive nuclides and re-emits a photon.   
     
     
         2 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the radioactive nuclide is selected from a beta emitter and a gamma emitter. 
     
     
         3 . The composition of  claim 2 , wherein the beta emitter is selected from the group consisting of:  63 Ni,  32 Si,  151 Sm,  90 Sr,  66 Cu,  209 Pb,  145 Pr,  127 Te,  121 Sn,  66 Ni,  210 Bi,  169 Er,  143 Pr,  32 P,  89 Sr,  91 Y,  188 W,  35 S,  123 Sn,  45 Ca,  249 Bk,  106 Ru,  171 Tm,  147 Pm,  85 Kr,  3 H,  113m Cd,  241 Pu,  42 Ar,  39 Ar,  14 C,  99 Tc,  79 Se,  10 Be,  135 Cs,  107 Pd,  187 Re,  115 In,  113 Cd. 
     
     
         4 . The composition of  claim 2 , wherein the gamma emitter is selected from the group consisting of:  228 Ac,  241 Am,  124 Sb,  125 Sb,  126 Sb,  137m Ba,  139 Ba,  140 Ba,  141 Ba,  142 Ba,  7 Be,  211 Bi,  213 Bi,  213 Bi,  214 Bi,  82 Br,  84 Br,  11 C,  47 Ca,  141 Ce,  143 Ce,  144 Ce,  134 Cs,  134m Cs,  136 Cs,  137 Cs,  138 Cs,  38 Cl,  51 Cr,  56 Co,  57 Co,  58 Co,  60 Co,  61 Cu,  64 Cu,  243 Cm,  245 Cm,  247 Cm,  152 Eu,  154 Eu,  155 Eu,  156 Eu,  18 F,  221 Fr,  223 Fr,  67 Ga,  198 Au,  166m Ho,  123 I,  130 I,  131 I,  132 I,  133 I,  134 I,  135 I,  111 In,  113m In,  192 Ir,  59 Fe,  85 Kr,  85m Kr,  87 Kr,  88 Kr,  140 La,  142 La,  211 Pb,  212 Pb,  214 Pb,  52 Mn,  52m Mn,  54 Mn,  56 Mn,  203 Hg,  99 Mo,  147 Nd,  237 Np,  238 Np,  239 Np,  240 Np,  57 Ni,  65 Ni,  95m Nb,  97 Nb,  13 N,  15 O,  40 K,  42 K,  43 K,  148 Pm,  148m Pm,  149 Pm,  151 Pm,  231 Pa,  233 Pa,  234 Pa,  233 Ra,  224 Ra,  226 Ra,  219 Rn,  105 Rh,  106 Rh,  103 Rh,  89 Rb,  105 Ru,  97 Ru,  153 Sm,  44 Sc,  47 Sc,  46 Sc,  48 Sc,  75 Se,  110 Ag,  110m Ag,  111 Ag,  22 Na,  85 Sr,  87m Sr,  91 Sr,  92 Sr,  101 Tc,  99m Tc,  129 Te,  129m Te,  131 Te,  131m Te,  132 Te,  133 Te,  133m Te,  134 Te,  135 Te,  160 Tb,  169 Tb,  180 Tb,  89 Tb,  201 Tl,  208 Tl,  209 Tl,  227 Th,  229 Th,  125 Sn,  187 W,  235 U,  237 U,  48 V,  131m Xe,  133m Xe,  135 Xe,  138 Xe,  169 Yb,  92 Y,  93 Y,  65 Zn, and  97 Zr. 
     
     
         5 . The composition of  claim 2 , wherein the radioactive nuclide is a beta emitter and the material is a fluorescent material. 
     
     
         6 . The composition of  claim 5 , wherein the fluorescent material is selected from the group consisting of: ZnSiO 4 :Mn:Sb 2 O 3 , SrB 4 O 7 :Eu, (La,Ce)PO 4 :Ce, (CeMg)SrAl 11 O 18 : Ce, (CeMg)BaAl 11 O 18 :Ce, BaSi 2 O 5 :Pb, (Y,Gd)MgB 5 O 10 :Ce, Pr, La2O3:Eu, (Y,Ce)PO 4 :Ce, BaMgAl 16 O 27 :Eu:Mn, (La,Ce,Tb)PO 4 :Ce:Tb, (Ce,Tb)MgAl 11 O 19 :Ce:Tb, MgWO 4 , Mg 4 (F)GeO 6 :Mn, CaWO 4 :Pb, (Ba,Ti) 2 P 2 O 7 :Ti, Sr 2 P 2 O 7 :Sn:Eu, Sr 5 F(PO 4 ) 3 :Sb:Mn, (Ba,Mg) 2 Al 16 O 27 :Eu, GdMgB 5 O 10 :Ce:Tb, YVO 4 :Bi:Eu, YAG:Ce:Cr:Nd (yttrium aluminum garnet), MgSrAl 11 O 17 :Eu:Cr, BaMgAl 10 O 17 :Eu, Sr 5 Cl(PO 4 ) 3 :Eu, (Sr,Ba,Mg,Ca) 5 Cl(PO 4 ) 3 :Eu, Sr 6 P 5 BO 20 :Eu, (Ca,Zn,Mg) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 :Sn, SrB 4 O 7 :Sm:Eu, (Sr,Mg) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 :Sn, CaSiO 3 :Pb:Mn, Cr—Yb doped fluorosilicate glass, ZnO—LiYbO 2 , Yb doped glass ceramics containing ZnO nanocrystals, LiYbMo 2 O 8 :Pb, CaLaGa 3 S 6 O:Yb, Yb doped LaSi 3 N 5 , Ag—Yb co-doped oxyfluoride glasses, Yb-doped glass ceramics containing YF 3  nanocrystals, Cu doped glasses, Tb doped glasses, LaVO 4 :Dy, Bi-doped oxide glasses, and a combination thereof. 
     
     
         7 . The composition of  claim 2 , wherein the radioactive nuclide is a gamma emitter and the material is a fluorescent material. 
     
     
         8 . The composition of  claim 7 , wherein the fluorescent material is selected from the group consisting of: LiBaF 3 , KMgF 3 , KCaF 3 , KYF 4 , BaLu 2 F 8 , BaF 2 , CsF, RbF, CeF 3 , BaY 2 F 8 :Ce, BaLu 2 F 8 :Ce, CaF 2 :Eu, LaF 3 :Ce, LuF 3 :Ce, CsCaCl 3 , Li 3 YCl 6 , Cs 2 NaCeCl 6 , Cs 2 LiYCl 6 , LiYCl 6 :Ce, CeCl 3 :Ce, LuCl 3 :Ce, K 2 LaCl 5 :Ce, RbGd 2 Cl 7 :Ce, Cs 2 LiYCl 6 :Ce, Cs 2 NaLaCl 6 :Ce, Cs 2 NaLuCl 6 :Ce, Cs 3 LuCl 6 :Ce, CsLu 2 Cl 9 :Ce, LaCl 3 :Ce, LuBr 3 :Ce, CeBr 3 , RbGd 2 Br 7 :Ce, RbLu 2 Br 7 :Ce, LaBr 3 :Ce, CsI, CaI e , HgI 2 , NaI:Tl, CsI:Tl, CsI:Na, CaI 2 :Eu, LiI:Eu, BiI 3 , CdS:Te, Gd 2 O 2 S:Pr: Ce:F, Lu 2 S 3 :Ce, Lu 2 O 2 S:Ce, BeO, Y 2 O 3 , Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , YAlO 3 , Sc 2 SiO 5 , NaZrSiO 5 , Lu 3 (Al,Sc) 5 O 12 , CdWO 4 , ZnWO 4 , CaWO 4 , CdWO 4 , PbWO 4 , Bi 3 Si 4 O 12 , Bi 3 Ge 4 O 12 , LiLuSiO 4 :Ce, Rb 3 Lu(PO 4 ) 2 :Ce, K 3 Lu(PO 4 ) 2 :Ce, Gd 3 Sc 2 Al 3 O 12 :Ce, Y 5 Al 5 O 12 :Ce, Y 5 Al 5 O 12 :Pr, Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 :Sc, Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce, Lu 3 (Al—Sc) 3 O 12 :Pr, YAlO 3 :Ce, YAlO 3 :Pr, (Y,Lu)AlO 3 :Ce, GdAlO 3 :Ce, LuAlO 3 :Ce, Y 2 SiO 5 :Ce, Y 2 SiO 5 :Pr, Gd 2 SiO 5 :Ce, Lu 2 SiO 5 :Ce, Lu 2 Si 2 O 7 :Ce, La 2 Be 2 O 5 :Ce, LuBO 3 :Ce, Li 6 Gd(BO 3 ) 3 :Ce, plastic/organic scintillators, and a combination thereof. 
     
     
         9 . The composition of  claim 1 , further comprising a transparent material, wherein the doped material is disposed within the transparent material, wherein the transparent material is transparent to photons. 
     
     
         10 . The composition of  claim 9 , wherein the transparent material is selected from: a glass or polymer, wherein the glass is formed from the glass formers selected from the group consisting of: B, Si, Ge, Al, B, P, V, As, Sb, Zr, and a combination thereof, or glasses formed from the intermediate formers selected from the group consisting of: Ti, Zn, Pb, Al, Th, Be, Zr, Cd, and a combination thereof, and wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of: low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylchloride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and a combination thereof. 
     
     
         11 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the doped material is transparent to the photon. 
     
     
         12 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the doped material is a doped micromaterial or a doped nanomaterial. 
     
     
         13 . A battery, comprising:
 a composition including a material doped with radioactive nuclides to form a doped material, wherein the doped material absorbs a radiation emission from the radioactive nuclides and re-emits a photon.   
     
     
         14 . The battery of  claim 13 , wherein the doped material is a doped micromaterial or a doped nanomaterial. 
     
     
         15 . The battery of  claim 14 , wherein the radioactive nuclide is selected from a beta emitter and a gamma emitter, wherein the beta emitter is selected from the group consisting of:  63 Ni,  32 Si,  151 Sm,  90 Sr,  66 Cu,  209 Pb,  145 Pr,  127 Te,  121 Sn,  66 Ni,  210 Bi,  169 Er,  143 Pr,  32 P,  89 Sr,  91 Y,  188 W,  35 S,  123 Sn,  45 Ca,  249 Bk,  106 Ru,  171 Tm,  147 Pm,  85 Kr,  3 H,  113m Cd,  241 Pu,  42 Ar,  39 Ar,  14 C,  99 Tc,  79 Se,  10 Be,  135 Cs,  107 Pd,  187 Re,  115 In, and  113 Cd; and wherein the gamma emitter is selected from the group consisting of:  228 Ac,  241 Am,  124 Sb,  125 Sb,  126 Sb,  137m Ba,  139 Ba,  140 Ba,  141 Ba,  142 Ba,  7 Be,  211 Bi,  213 Bi,  213 Bi,  214 Bi,  82 Br,  84 Br,  11 C,  47 Ca,  141 Ce,  143 Ce,  144 Ce,  134 Cs,  134m Cs,  136 Cs,  137 Cs,  138 Cs,  38 Cl,  51 Cr,  56 Co,  57 Co,  58 Co,  60 Co,  61 Cu,  64 Cu,  243 Cm,  245 Cm,  247 Cm,  152 Eu,  154 Eu,  155 Eu,  156 Eu,  18 F,  221 Fr,  223 Fr,  67 Ga,  198 Au,  166m Ho,  123 I,  130 I,  131 I,  132 I,  133 I,  134 I,  135 I,  111 In,  113m In,  192 Ir,  59 Fe,  85 Kr,  85m Kr,  87 Kr,  88 Kr,  140 La,  142 La,  211 Pb,  212 Pb,  214 Pb,  52 Mn,  52m Mn,  54 Mn,  56 Mn,  203 Hg,  99 Mo,  147 Nd,  237 Np,  238 Np,  239 Np,  240 Np,  57 Ni,  65 Ni,  95m Nb,  97 Nb,  13 N,  15 O,  40 K,  42 K,  43 K,  148 Pm,  148m Pm,  149 Pm,  151 Pm,  231 Pa,  233 Pa,  234 Pa,  233 Ra,  224 Ra,  226 Ra,  219 Rn,  105 Rh,  106 Rh,  103 Rh,  89 Rb,  105 Ru,  97 Ru,  153 Sm,  44 Sc,  47 Sc,  46 Sc,  48 Sc,  75 Se,  110 Ag,  110m Ag,  111 Ag,  22 Na,  85 Sr,  87m Sr,  91 Sr,  92 Sr,  101 Tc,  99m Tc,  129 Te,  129m Te,  131 Te,  131m Te,  132 Te,  133 Te,  133m Te,  134 Te,  135 Te,  160 Tb,  169 Tb,  180 Tb,  89 Tb,  201 Tl,  208 Tl,  209 Tl,  227 Th,  229 Th,  125 Sn,  187 W,  235 U,  237 U,  48 V,  131m Xe,  133m Xe,  135 Xe,  138 Xe,  169 Yb,  92 Y,  93 Y,  65 Zn, and  97 Zr. 
     
     
         16 . The battery of  claim 15 , wherein the radioactive nuclide is a beta emitter and the material is a phosphor material, wherein the phosphor material is selected from the group consisting of: ZnSiO 4 :Mn:Sb 2 O 3 , SrB 4 O 7 :Eu, (La,Ce)PO 4 :Ce, (CeMg)SrAl 11 O 18 :Ce, (CeMg)BaAl 11 O 18 :Ce, BaSi 2 O 5 :Pb, (Y,Gd)MgB 5 O 10 :Ce, Pr, La2O3:Eu, (Y,Ce)PO 4 :Ce, BaMgAl 16 O 27 :Eu:Mn, (La,Ce,Tb)PO 4 :Ce:Tb, (Ce,Tb)MgAl 11 O 19 :Ce:Tb, MgWO 4 , Mg 4 (F)GeO 6 :Mn, CaWO 4 :Pb, (Ba,Ti) 2 P 2 O 7 :Ti, Sr 2 P 2 O 7 :Sn:Eu, Sr 5 F(PO 4 ) 3 :Sb:Mn, (Ba,Mg) 2 Al 16 O 27 :Eu, GdMgB 5 O 10 :Ce:Tb, YVO 4 :Bi:Eu, YAG:Ce:Cr:Nd (yttrium aluminum garnet), MgSrAl 10 O 17 :Eu:Cr, BaMgAl 10 O 17 :Eu, Sr 5 Cl(PO 4 ) 3 :Eu, (Sr,Ba,Mg,Ca) 5 Cl(PO 4 ) 3 :Eu, Sr 6 P 5 BO 20 :Eu, (Ca,Zn,Mg) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 :Sn, SrB 4 O 7 :Sm:Eu, (Sr,Mg) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 :Sn, CaSiO 3 :Pb:Mn, Cr—Yb doped fluorosilicate glass, ZnO—LiYbO 2 , Yb doped glass ceramics containing ZnO nanocrystals, LiYbMo 2 O 8 :Pb, CaLaGa 3 S 6 O:Yb, Yb doped LaSi 3 N 5 , Ag—Yb co-doped oxyfluoride glasses, Yb-doped glass ceramics containing YF 3  nanocrystals, Cu doped glasses, Tb doped glasses, LaVO 4 :Dy, Bi-doped oxide glasses, and a combination thereof. 
     
     
         17 . The battery of  claim 15 , wherein the radioactive nuclide is a gamma emitter and the material is a crystalline scintillating material, wherein the crystalline scintillating material is selected from the group consisting of: LiBaF 3 , KMgF 3 , KCaF 3 , KYF 4 , BaLu 2 F 8 , BaF 2 , CsF, RbF, CeF 3 , BaY 2 F 8 :Ce, BaLu 2 F 8 :Ce, CaF 2 :Eu, LaF 3 :Ce, LuF 3 :Ce, CsCaCl 3 , Li 3 YCl 6 , Cs 2 NaCeCl 6 , Cs 2 LiYCl 6 , LiYCl 6 :Ce, CeCl 3 :Ce, LuCl 3 :Ce, K 2 LaCl 5 :Ce, RbGd 2 Cl 7 :Ce, Cs 2 LiYCl 6 :Ce, Cs 2 NaLaCl 6 :Ce, Cs 2 NaLuCl 6 :Ce, Cs 3 LuCl 6 :Ce, CsLu 2 Cl 9 :Ce, LaCl 3 :Ce, LuBr 3 :Ce, CeBr 3 , RbGd 2 Br 7 :Ce, RbLu 2 Br 7 :Ce, LaBr 3 :Ce, CsI, CaI e , HgI 2 , NaI:Tl, CsI:Tl, CsI:Na, CaI 2 :Eu, LiI:Eu, BiI 3 , CdS:Te, Gd 2 O 2 S:Pr:Ce:F, Lu 2 S 3 :Ce, Lu 2 O 2 S:Ce, BeO, Y 2 O 3 , Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , YAlO 3 , Sc 2 SiO 5 , NaZrSiO 5 , Lu 3 (Al,Sc) 5 O 12 , CdWO 4 , ZnWO 4 , CaWO 4 , CdWO 4 , PbWO 4 , Bi 3 Si 4 O 12 , Bi 3 Ge 4 O 12 , LiLuSiO 4 :Ce, Rb 3 Lu(PO 4 ) 2 :Ce, K 3 Lu(PO 4 ) 2 :Ce, Gd 3 Sc 2 Al 3 O 12 :Ce, Y 5 Al 5 O 12 :Ce, Y 5 Al 5 O 12 :Pr, Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 :Sc, Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce, Lu 3 (Al—Sc) 3 O 12 :Pr, YAlO 3 :Ce, YAlO 3 :Pr, (Y,Lu)AlO 3 :Ce, GdAlO 3 :Ce, LuAlO 3 :Ce, Y 2 SiO 5 :Ce, Y 2 SiO 5 :Pr, Gd 2 SiO 5 :Ce, Lu 2 SiO 5 :Ce, Lu 2 Si 2 O 7 :Ce, La 2 Be 2 O 5 :Ce, LuBO 3 :Ce, Li 6 Gd(BO 3 ) 3 :Ce, plastic/organic scintillators, and a combination thereof. 
     
     
         18 . The battery of  claim 15 , further comprising a transparent material, wherein the doped material is disposed within the transparent material, wherein the transparent material is transparent to photons, wherein the transparent material is selected from: a glass or polymer, wherein the glass is formed from the glass formers selected from the group consisting of: B, Si, Ge, Al, B, P, V, As, Sb, Zr, and a combination thereof, or glasses formed from the intermediate formers selected from the group consisting of: Ti, Zn, Pb, Al, Th, Be, Zr, Cd, and a combination thereof, and wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of: low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylchloride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and a combination thereof. 
     
     
         19 . (canceled) 
     
     
         20 . A photovoltaic device, comprising: a battery, wherein the battery includes a composition including a material doped with radioactive nuclides to form a doped material, wherein the doped material absorbs a radiation emission from the radioactive nuclides and re-emits a photon. 
     
     
         21 . The photovoltaic device of  claim 20 , wherein the surface of the battery is wrapped with the photovoltaic cell, wherein the photons are captured by the photovoltaic cell.

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