Electrochemical high rate storage materials, process, and electrodes

Abstract

A non-activated, majority non-graphitic amorphous carbon material may be produced by supplying a carbonized precursor material, heating the carbonized precursor material in a first heating step at a temperature and for a duration sufficient to produce a heat-treated carbon material that has a specific surface area less than about 500 m 2 /g and is less than about 20% graphitic by mass, purifying the heat-treated carbon material, and heating the purified heat-treated carbon material in a second heating step at a temperature and for a duration to produce a non-activated, majority non-graphitic amorphous carbon material that has a specific surface area less than about 500 m 2 /g and is less than about 20% graphitic by mass.

1 .- 14 . (canceled) 
     
     
         15 . A lithium-ion electrochemical storage device comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte, wherein the anode comprises a non-activated, majority non-graphitic amorphous carbon material that has a specific surface area of less than about 500 m 2 /g and is less than about 20% graphitic by mass. 
     
     
         16 . The lithium-ion electrochemical storage device of  claim 15 , wherein the non-activated, majority non-graphitic amorphous carbon material is produced by the process of claim  1 . 
     
     
         17 . The lithium-ion electrochemical storage device of  claim 15 , wherein the non-activated, majority non-graphitic amorphous carbon material has an average reversible specific capacity of between about 200 mAh/g and 300 mAh/g and has less than about 100 mAh/g initial specific capacity loss. 
     
     
         18 . The lithium-ion electrochemical storage device of  claim 15 , wherein the non-activated, majority non-graphitic amorphous carbon material has a charge capacity retention greater than or equal to about 75% at 2C. 
     
     
         19 . The lithium-ion electrochemical storage device of  claim 15 , wherein the non-activated, majority non-graphitic amorphous carbon material has a charge capacity retention greater than or equal to about 20% at 10C.