US2016116448A1PendingUtilityA1

pH-MODULATED QUENCHERS OF FLUORESCENCE

Assignee: BERRY & ASSOCIATES INCPriority: Sep 30, 2014Filed: Sep 30, 2015Published: Apr 28, 2016
Est. expirySep 30, 2034(~8.2 yrs left)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
G01N 21/643C07C 255/57C07D 213/76G01N 2021/6432G01N 31/221C07C 317/44G01N 2021/6439C07C 205/56
33
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Claims

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein variable A, B, and X are as defined herein. The disclosure also relates to covalent conjugates of formula (II). The disclosure further relates to the use of the compounds of formula (I) and covalent conjugates of formula (II) in methods for detecting a change in the pH of a mixture.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
1 . A compound of formula (I) 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a salt thereof, wherein:
 A is CO 2 R 1 , CO 2 R 2 , C(O)NR 3 R 4 , CN, S(O)R 5 , SO 2 R 5 , C(O)R 6 , C(O)R 7 , or CO(NHS); 
 B is selected from the group consisting of B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , and B 4 ; wherein 
 B 1  is 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         B 2  is selected from the group consisting of 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         B 3  is selected from the group consisting of 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       and
 B 4  is selected from the group consisting of 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         each X is independently N, C—H, C—Z 1 , or C—Z 2 ; 
         each Q is independently H, NO 2 , Cl, Br, F, I, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CN, CO 2 R 9 , C(O)NR 10 R 11 , SO 2 R 12 , SOR 12 , CF 3  or N 3 ; 
         R 1  is H or (C 1 -C 12 )alkyl; 
         R 2  is CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl, (CH 2 ) m OH, (CH 2 ) m SH, (CH 2 ) m N 3 , (CH 2 ) m NH 2 , (CH 2 ) m CO(NHS), (CH 2 ) m (N-maleimide), (CH 2 ) m O(CEP), (CH 2 ) m OCH 2 C≡CH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 SH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 CO(NHS), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 (N-maleimide), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(CEP), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 C≡CH, (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT) or (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT); 
         R 3  is H, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl, (CH 2 ) m OH, (CH 2 ) m SH, (CH 2 ) m N 3 , (CH 2 ) m NH 2 , (CH 2 ) m CO(NHS), (CH 2 ) m (N-maleimide), (CH 2 ) m O(CEP), (CH 2 ) m OCH 2 C≡CH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 SH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 CO(NHS), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 (N-maleimide), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(CEP), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 C≡CH, (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT) or (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT); 
         R 4  is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl, or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, or R 3  and R 4  together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from the group consisting of 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         R 5  is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or phenyl, wherein said phenyl may be unsubstituted or substituted with up to five substituents selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, OCH 3 , OH, NO 2 , CN, CF 3 , N 3 , and N(CH 3 ) 2 ; 
         R 6  is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or phenyl; 
         R 7  is phenyl, wherein said phenyl is substituted with one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, OCH 3 , OH, NO 2 , CN, CF 3 , N 3 , and N(CH 3 ) 2 ; 
         R 8  is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl), or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl; 
         R 9  is H, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl), or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl; 
         R 10  is H, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl), or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl; 
         R 11  is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, or R 10  and R 11  together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from the group consisting of 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         R 12  is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or phenyl, wherein said phenyl may be unsubstituted or substituted with up to five substituents selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, OCH 3 , OH, NO 2 , CN, CF 3 , N 3 , and N(CH 3 ) 2 ; 
         each Y is independently N, C—H, C—Z 1 , or C—Z 2 ; 
         each Z 1  is independently OCH 3 , CN, or CF 3 ; 
         each Z 2  is independently CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, or I; 
         m is an integer from 2 to 8; and 
         each n is independently an integer from 1 to 5; 
         wherein if each X is independently C—H or C—Z 2 , and A is CO 2 R 1 , CN, or COR E , then B is B 2 , B 3 , or B 4 . 
       
     
     
         2 . The compound or salt of  claim 1 , wherein each
 X is C—H, A is CO 2 R 1 , and B is B 2 , B 3 , or B 4 ;   each X is C—H, A is CN, and B is B 2 , B 3 , or B 4 ;   each X is C—H, A is COR 6 , and B is B 2 , B 3 , or B 4 ;   at least one X is N or C—Z 1  and A is CO 2 R 1 , CN or COR 6 ; or   A is CO 2 R 2 , C(O)NR 3 R 4 , S(O)R 5 , SO 2 R 5 , C(O)R 7 , or CO(NHS).   
     
     
         3 . (canceled) 
     
     
         4 . (canceled) 
     
     
         5 . (canceled) 
     
     
         6 . (canceled) 
     
     
         7 . (canceled) 
     
     
         8 . (canceled) 
     
     
         9 . (canceled) 
     
     
         10 . The compound or salt of  claim 1 , wherein A is CO 2 R 1  and R 1  is (C 1 -C 12 )alkyl;
 A is CO 2 R 2  and R 2  is CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl;   A is CO 2 R 2  and R 2  is (CH 2 ) OH, (CH 2 ) m SH, (CH 2 ) m NH 2 , (CH) m CO(NHS) or —(CH 2 ) m (N-maleimide);   A is CO 2 R 2  and R 2  is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 SH, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 CO(NHS) or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 (N-maleimide);   A is CO 2 R 2  and R 2  is —(CH 2 ) m N 3 , —(CH 2 CH 2 O)CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , —(CH 2 ) m OCH 2 C≡CH or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 C≡CH;   A is CO 2 R 2  and R 2  is —(CH 2 ) m O(CEP), —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(CEP), —(CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, —CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), —(CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT) or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT);   A is C(O)NR 3 R 4  and R 3  is (C 1 -C 12 )alkyl;   A is C(O)NR 3 R 4  and R 3  is (CH 2 ) m OH, (CH 2 ) m SH, (CH 2 ) m NH 2 , (CH 2 ) m CO(NHS) or —(CH 2 ) m (N-maleimide);   A is C(O)NR 3 R 4  and R 3  is —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 SH, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 CO(NHS) or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 (N-maleimide);   A is C(O)NR 3 R 4  and R 3  is (CH 2 ) m N 3 , —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , —(CH 2 ) m OCH 2 C≡CH or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 C≡CH;   A is C(O)NR 3 R 4  and R 3  is —(CH 2 ) m O(CEP), —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(CEP), —(CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), —(CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT) or —(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT); or   A is C(O)NR 3 R 4  and R 3  and R 4  together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from the group consisting of   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         11 . (canceled) 
     
     
         12 . (canceled) 
     
     
         13 . (canceled) 
     
     
         14 . (canceled) 
     
     
         15 . (canceled) 
     
     
         16 . (canceled) 
     
     
         17 . (canceled) 
     
     
         18 . (canceled) 
     
     
         19 . (canceled) 
     
     
         20 . (canceled) 
     
     
         21 . (canceled) 
     
     
         22 . The compound or salt of  claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (Ia) 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       a compound of formula (Ib) 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       a compound of formula (Ic) 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       a compound of formula (Id) 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       a compound of formula (Ie) 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       a compound of formula (If) 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or 
       a compound of formula (Ig) 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         23 . (canceled) 
     
     
         24 . (canceled) 
     
     
         25 . (canceled) 
     
     
         26 . (canceled) 
     
     
         27 . (canceled) 
     
     
         28 . (canceled) 
     
     
         29 . The compound or salt of  claim 1 , wherein each X is C—H. 
     
     
         30 . The compound or salt of  claim 1 , wherein each Y is C—H. 
     
     
         31 . The compound or salt of  claim 1 , wherein at least one occurrence of X is N. 
     
     
         32 . The compound or salt of  claim 1 , wherein at least one occurrence of Y is N. 
     
     
         33 . (canceled) 
     
     
         34 . (canceled) 
     
     
         35 . (canceled) 
     
     
         36 . (canceled) 
     
     
         37 . The compound or salt of  claim 1 , wherein the compound or salt is selected from the group consisting of: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         Hexyl 2,2-bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)acetate; 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         Isopropyl 2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-(3,5-dinitropyridin-2-yl)acetate; 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-(3,5-dinitropyridin-2-yl)-N, N-diethylacetamide; 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         3-(3-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)-2-hydroxypropoxy)propyl 2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-(3,5-dinitropyridin-2-yl)acetate; 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         2-(2,4-dicyanophenyl)-2-(3,5-dinitropyridin-2-yl)-N,N-diethylacetamide; 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         2-(3,5-dinitropyridin-2-yl)-N,N-diethyl-2-(4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl)acetamide; 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-(3,5-dinitropyridin-2-yl)-1-(piperidin-1-yl)ethan-1-one; 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         2-(3,5-dinitropyridin-2-yl)-N,N-diethyl-2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)acetamide; 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-N,N-diethyl-2-(4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl)acetamide; and 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 1-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-(3,5-dinitropyridin-2-yl)acetyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate; 
       
       or a salt thereof. 
     
     
         38 . The compound or salt of  claim 1 , wherein the compound or salt is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         Hexyl 2-(2-cyano-4-nitrophenyl)-2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)acetate; 
       
       or a salt thereof. 
     
     
         39 . The compound or salt of  claim 1 , wherein:
 A is CO 2 R 1 , CO 2 R 2 , C(O)NR 3 R 4 , CN, S(O)R 5 , SO 2 R 5 , C(O)R 6 , or C(O)R 7 ;   R 2  is CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl;   R 3  is H, (C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, or CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl; and   R 4  is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl, or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, or R 3  and R 4  together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from the group consisting of   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
         40 . A covalent conjugate of formula (II) 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a salt thereof, wherein,
 A′ is CO 2 R 1 , CO 2 R 2′ , C(O)NR 3′ R 4′ , CN, S(O)R 5 , SO 2 R 5 , C(O)R 6 , C(O)R 7 , CO(NHS), or CO-(L-[Conjugated Species]); 
 B is selected from the group consisting of B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , and B 4 ; wherein 
 B 1  is 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         B 2  is selected from the group consisting of 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         B 3  is selected from the group consisting of 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       and
 B 4  is selected from the croup consisting of 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         each X is independently N, C—H, C—Z 1 , or C—Z 2 ; 
         L is a single covalent bond or a covalent linkage having 1-50 non-hydrogen atoms selected from the group consisting of C, N, O, S and P and is composed of any combination of single, double, triple or aromatic bonds; 
         each Q′ is independently H, NO 2 , Cl, Br, F, I, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CN, CO 2 R 9 , C(O)NR 1′ R 11′ , SO 2 R 12 , SOR 12 , CF 3 , N 3 , or CO-(L-[Conjugated Species]); 
         R 1  is H or (C 1 -C 12 )alkyl; 
         R 2′  is CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl, (CH 2 ) m OH, (CH 2 ) m SH, (CH 2 ) m N 3 , (CH 2 ) m NH 2 , (CH 2 ) m CO(NHS), (CH 2 ) m (N-maleimide), (CH 2 ) m O(CEP), (CH 2 ) m OCH 2 C≡CH, (CH 2 ) m -L-[Conjugated Species], (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 SH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 CO(NHS), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 (N-maleimide), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(CEP), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 -L-[Conjugated Species], (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 C≡CH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 -L-[Conjugated Species], (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(L-[Conjugated Species])CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(L-[Conjugated Species])CH 2 -L-[Conjugated Species], (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(L-[Conjugated Species])CH 2 OH, or (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(L-[Conjugated Species])CH 2 -L-[Conjugated Species]; 
         R 3′  is H, (C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl, (CH 2 ) m OH, (CH 2 ) m SH, (CH 2 ) m N 3 , (CH 2 ) m NH 2 , (CH 2 ) m CO(NHS), (CH 2 ) m (N-maleimide), (CH 2 ) m O(CEP), (CH 2 ) m OCH 2 C≡CH, (CH 2 ) m -L-[Conjugated Species], (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 SH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 CO(NHS), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 (N-maleimide), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(CEP), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 -L-[Conjugated Species], (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 C≡CH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 -L-[Conjugated Species], (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(L-[Conjugated Species])CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(L-[Conjugated Species])CH 2 -L-[Conjugated Species], (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n OCH 2 CH(L-[Conjugated Species])CH 2 OH, or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n OCH 2 CH(L-[Conjugated Species])CH 2 -L-[Conjugated Species]; 
         R 4′  is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl, or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, or R 3′  and R 4′  together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from the group consisting of 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         R 5  is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or phenyl, wherein said phenyl may be unsubstituted or substituted with up to five substituents selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, OCH 3 , OH, NO 2 , CN, CF 3 , N 3 , and N(CH 3 ) 2 ; 
         R 6  is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or phenyl; 
         R 7  is phenyl, wherein said phenyl is substituted with one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, OCH 3 , OH, NO 2 , CN, CF 3 , N 3 , and N(CH 3 ) 2 ; 
         Fe is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl), or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl; 
         R 9  is H, (C 1 -C 12 )alkyl, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl), or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl; 
         R 10′  is H, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl), or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl; 
         R 11′  is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, or R 10′  and R 11′  together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from the group consisting of 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         R 12  is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or phenyl, wherein said phenyl may be unsubstituted or substituted with up to five substituents selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, OCH 3 , OH, NO 2 , CN, CF 3 , N 3 , and N(CH 3 ) 2 ; 
         each Y is independently N, C—H, C—Z 1 , or C—Z 2 ; 
         each Z 1  is independently OCH 3 , CN, or CF 3 ; 
         each Z 2  is independently CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, or I; 
         m is an integer from 2 to 8; and 
         each n is independently an integer from 1 to 5; 
         wherein the covalent conjugate of formula (II) includes at least one occurrence of -L-[Conjugated Species]. 
       
     
     
         41 . The covalent conjugate of  claim 40 , wherein each X is C—H. 
     
     
         42 . The covalent conjugate of  claim 40 , wherein each Y is C—H. 
     
     
         43 . The covalent conjugate of  claim 40 , wherein at least one occurrence of X is N. 
     
     
         44 . The covalent conjugate of  claim 40 , wherein at least one occurrence of Y is N. 
     
     
         45 . (canceled) 
     
     
         46 . (canceled) 
     
     
         47 . (canceled) 
     
     
         48 . (canceled) 
     
     
         49 . The covalent conjugate or salt of any one of  claim 40 , wherein the Conjugated Species is a protein, an antibody, a peptide, a nucleic acid, an oligonucleotide, a solid support, a soluble polymer, an insoluble polymer, a dendrimer, a saccharide, a fatty acid, a lipid, or a phospholipid. 
     
     
         50 . (canceled) 
     
     
         51 . (canceled) 
     
     
         52 . (canceled) 
     
     
         53 . (canceled) 
     
     
         54 . (canceled) 
     
     
         55 . (canceled) 
     
     
         56 . A method for detecting a change in the pH of a mixture, comprising:
 providing a mixture comprising a fluorescence donor and the compound or salt of  claim 1 ;   irradiating the resulting mixture at a first time with light having a wavelength suitable to excite the fluorescence donor;   measuring detectable fluorescence emitted by the fluorescence donor while irradiating the mixture at said first time;   irradiating the resulting mixture at a second time with light having a wavelength suitable to excite the fluorescence donor;   measuring detectable fluorescence emitted by the fluorescence donor while irradiating the mixture at said second time; and   comparing the detectable fluorescence emitted by the fluorescence donor at said first time with the detectable fluorescence emitted by the fluorescence donor at said second time to detect a change in the pH of the mixture;   wherein a decrease in detectable fluorescence at said second time relative to said first time indicates an increase in the pH of the mixture, and wherein an increase in detectable fluorescence at said second time relative to said first time indicates a decrease in the pH of the mixture.   
     
     
         57 . A method for detecting a change in the pH of a mixture, comprising:
 providing a mixture comprising a fluorescence donor and a compound of formula (I)   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a salt thereof, wherein:
 A is CO 2 R 1 , CO 2 R 2 , C(O)NR 3 R 4 , CN, S(O)R 5 , SO 2 R 5 , C(O)R 6 , C(O)R 7 , or CO(NHS); 
 B is selected from the group consisting of B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , and B 4 ; wherein 
 B 1  is 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         B 2  is selected from the group consisting of 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         B 3  is selected from the group consisting of 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       and
 B 4  is selected from the group consisting of 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         each X is independently N, C—H, C—Z 1 , or C—Z 2 ; 
         each Q is independently H, NO 2 , Cl, Br, F, I, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CN, CO 2 R 9 , C(O)NR 10 R 11 , SO 2 R 12 , SOR 12 , CF 3  or N 3 ; 
         R 1  is H or (C 1 -C 12 )alkyl; 
         R 2  is CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl, (CH 2 ) m OH, (CH 2 ) m SH, (CH 2 ) m N 3 , (CH 2 ) m OCH 2 C≡CH, (CH 2 ) m NH 2 , (CH 2 ) m CO(NHS), (CH 2 ) m (N-maleimide), (CH 2 ) m O(CEP), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 SH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 C≡CH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 CO(NHS), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 (N-maleimide), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(CEP), (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT) or (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT); 
         R 3  is H, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl, (CH 2 ) m OH, (CH 2 ) m SH, (CH 2 ) m N 3 , (CH 2 ) m OCH 2 C≡CH, (CH 2 ) m NH 2 , (CH 2 ) m CO(NHS), (CH 2 ) m (N-maleimide), (CH 2 ) m O(CEP), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 SH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 N 3 , (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 C≡CH, (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 CO(NHS), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 (N-maleimide), (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(CEP), (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(DMT), (CH 2 ) 3 OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT) or (CH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 2 CH(O(CEP))CH 2 O(DMT); 
         R 4  is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl, or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, or R 3  and R 4  together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from the group consisting of 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         R 5  is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or phenyl, wherein said phenyl may be unsubstituted or substituted with up to five substituents selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, OCH 3 , OH, NO 2 , CN, CF 3 , N 3 , and N(CH 3 ) 2 ; 
         R 6  is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or phenyl; 
         R 7  is phenyl, wherein said phenyl is substituted with one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, OCH 3 , OH, NO 2 , CN, CF 3 , N 3 , and N(CH 3 ) 2 ; 
         R 8  is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl), or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl; 
         R 9  is H, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl), or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl; 
         R 10  is H, CH 2 CH 2 (C 4 -C 12 )perfluoroalkyl), or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl; 
         R 11  is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or (CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 2 CH 2 O(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, or R 10  and R 11  together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from the group consisting of 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         R 12  is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or phenyl, wherein said phenyl may be unsubstituted or substituted with up to five substituents selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, I, OCH 3 , OH, NO 2 , CN, CF 3 , N 3 , and N(CH 3 ) 2 ; 
         each Y is independently N, C—H, C—Z 1 , or C—Z 2 ; 
         each Z 1  is independently OCH 3 , CN, or CF 3 ; 
         each Z 2  is independently CH 3 , F, Cl, Br, or I; 
         m is an integer from 2 to 8; 
         and 
         each n is independently an integer from 1 to 5; 
         irradiating the resulting mixture at a first time with light having a wavelength suitable to excite the fluorescence donor; 
         measuring detectable fluorescence emitted by the fluorescence donor while irradiating the mixture at said first time; 
         irradiating the resulting mixture at a second time with light having a wavelength suitable to excite the fluorescence donor; and 
         measuring detectable fluorescence emitted by the fluorescence donor while irradiating the mixture at said second time; and 
         comparing the detectable fluorescence emitted by the fluorescence donor at said first time with the detectable fluorescence emitted by the fluorescence donor at said second time to detect a change in the pH of the mixture; 
         wherein a decrease in detectable fluorescence at said second time relative to said first time indicates an increase in the pH of the mixture, and wherein an increase in detectable fluorescence at said second time relative to said first time indicates a decrease in the pH of the mixture. 
       
     
     
         58 . A method for detecting a change in the pH of a mixture, comprising:
 providing a mixture comprising a fluorescence donor and the covalent conjugate or salt of  claim 40 ;   irradiating the resulting mixture at a first time with light having a wavelength suitable to excite the fluorescence donor;   measuring detectable fluorescence emitted by the fluorescence donor while irradiating the mixture at said first time;   irradiating the resulting mixture at a second time with light having a wavelength suitable to excite the fluorescence donor;   measuring detectable fluorescence emitted by the fluorescence donor while irradiating the mixture at said second time; and   comparing the detectable fluorescence emitted by the fluorescence donor at said first time with the detectable fluorescence emitted by the fluorescence donor at said second time to detect a change in the pH of the mixture;   wherein a decrease in detectable fluorescence at said second time relative to said first time indicates an increase in the pH of the mixture, and wherein an increase in detectable fluorescence at said second time relative to said first time indicates a decrease in the pH of the mixture.

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