Aerosol generator

Abstract

A sonic aerosol generator is provided that provides a constant concentration of particulate aerosol over a long exposure time to an animal. The concentration of aerosols is maintainable for greater than 30 hours at concentrations of 15 mg/m 3 or more. The aerosol generator is used to expose subject to high concentrations of aerosols that more accurately represents the levels that may be seen in a workplace environment.

1 . An aerosol generator comprising:
 an acoustic energy generator;   an aerosol chamber;   a first diaphragm having a first side and a second side, and coupled to said aerosol chamber, said first diaphragm being impenetrable to aerosol or substrate;   said acoustic generator acoustically coupled to said first side of said first diaphragm;   and a mass flow controller in gaseous contact with said aerosol chamber, said mass flow controller operable to transfer gas to said aerosol chamber;   wherein the atmospheric pressure on said first side or said second side of said first diaphragm is tunable,   wherein said aerosol chamber is configured to produce a substantially constant concentration of airborne particulate exposure particles for an exposure period.   
     
     
         2 . The generator of  claim 1  wherein the atmospheric pressure on said second side of said first diaphragm is higher than the atmospheric pressure on said first side of said first diaphragm. 
     
     
         3 . The generator of  claim 1  wherein the atmospheric pressure on said second side of said first diaphragm differs from the atmospheric pressure on said first side of said first diaphragm by −0.3 to 0.5 inch-H 2 O. 
     
     
         4 . The generator of  claim 1  wherein the atmospheric pressure on said second side of said first diaphragm is 0.1 inch-H 2 O higher than the atmospheric pressure on said first side of said first diaphragm. 
     
     
         5 . The generator of  claim 1  further comprising an exposure chamber atmospherically coupled to said generator. 
     
     
         6 . The generator of  claim 1  wherein an aerosol is produced with a concentration between 0.1 and 15 mg/m 3 . 
     
     
         7 . The generator of  claim 6  wherein said concentration is from 5 to 12 mg/m 3 . 
     
     
         8 . The generator of  claim 4  wherein said aerosol concentration is held constant for 30 hours or less using 5 grams of substrate material. 
     
     
         9 . The generator of  claim 1  wherein a focal zone on said first diaphragm is in excess of 2 centimeters. 
     
     
         10 . The generator of  claim 1  wherein said acoustic generator generates acoustic energy of sinusoidally oscillating frequency. 
     
     
         11 . The generator of  claim 10  wherein said sinusoidally oscillating frequency is variable above and below a resonant frequency of said first diaphragm, said aerosol chamber, or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         12 . The generator of  claim 1  further comprising a computer programmed to maintain the concentration of an aerosol generated by said generator to within 20 percent an average or target aerosol concentration for at least 1 hour. 
     
     
         13 . The generator of  claim 12  wherein said concentration of an aerosol is maintained for said exposure period, said exposure period from 1 to 25 hours. 
     
     
         14 . A process of exposing a subject to an aerosol comprising:
 placing a subject in an exposure chamber, said exposure chamber atmospherically coupled to the generator of  claim 1 ;   exposing said subject to an aerosol produced by said generator at an aerosol concentration from 0.1 and 15 mg/m 3  for an exposure time of at least 1 hour.   
     
     
         15 . The process of  claim 14  wherein the concentration of said aerosol in said exposure chamber is maintained to within 20 percent an average or target concentration during said exposure time. 
     
     
         16 . The process of  claim 14  wherein said exposure chamber includes a nephelometer electrically coupled to a computer, wherein said computer maintains said aerosol concentration constant in response to signal from said nephelometer. 
     
     
         17 . A process of generating an aerosol comprising:
 placing an aerosol source on an acoustic energy translating surface; and   exposing said energy translating surface to an oscillating acoustic energy.   
     
     
         18 . The process of  claim 17  further comprising separating aerosol particles by elutriation. 
     
     
         19 . The process of  claim 17  wherein said acoustic energy is oscillated above and below a resonant frequency of said acoustic energy translating surface alone or coupled with an aerosol chamber. 
     
     
         20 . The process of  claim 17  wherein said oscillating acoustic energy is unfocused. 
     
     
         21 . The process of  claim 17  wherein said oscillating acoustic energy is less than 1000 Hz. 
     
     
         22 . The process of  claim 17  wherein said oscillating acoustic energy is less than 40 Hz. 
     
     
         23 . The process of  claim 17  wherein said aerosol particles are multi-walled carbon nanotubes.