Method of treating dermatological disorders

Abstract

A method of treating a dermatological disorder in a subject includes the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one PPARγ agonist or derivative thereof to the subject.

1 - 38 . (canceled) 
     
     
         39 : A method of treating a primary cicatricial alopecia in a subject, the method comprising the step of administering to the cicatricial alopecia a therapeutically effective amount of at least one PPARγ agonist or derivative thereof, wherein the at least one PPARγ agonist inhibits or decreases peroxisome loss in at least one cell of the subject. 
     
     
         40 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula I, wherein Formula I is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 1  and R 2  are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom or a C 1 -C 5  alkyl group; 
         R 3  represents a hydrogen atom, a C 1 -C 6  aliphatic acyl group, an alicyclic acyl group, an aromatic acyl group, a heterocyclic acyl group, an araliphatic acyl group, a (C 1 -C 6  alkoxy)carbonyl group, or an aralkyloxycarbonyl group; 
         R 4  and R 5  are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C 1 -C 5  alkyl group or a C 1 -C 5  alkoxy group, or R 4  and R 5  together represent a C 1 -C 5  alkylenedioxy group; 
         n is 1, 2, or 3; 
         W represents the CH 2 , CO, or CHOR 6  group in which R 6  represents any one of the atoms or groups defined for R 3 ; and 
         Y and Z are the same or different and each represents an oxygen atom or an imino (—NH) group; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 
       
     
     
         41 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula II or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula II, wherein Formula II is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 11  is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, phenylalkyl, phenyl, aromatic acyl group, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group including 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or a group of the formula indicated in: 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 13  and R 14  are the same or different and each is lower alkyl; and wherein L 1  and L 2  are the same or different and each is hydrogen or lower alkyl or L 1  and L 2  are combined to form an alkylene group. 
       
     
     
         42 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula III or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula III, wherein Formula III is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 15  and R 16  are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, halogen, ethyl, nitrite, methylthio, trifluoromethyl, vinyl, nitro, or halogen substituted benzyloxy; and n is 0 to 4. 
       
     
     
         43 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula IV or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula IV, wherein Formula IV is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein the dotted line represents a bond or no bond; V is HCH—, —NCH—, —CH═N—, or S; 
         D is CH 2 , CHOH, CO, C═NOR 17 , or CH═CH; X is S, SO, NR 18 , —CH═N, or —N═CH; 
         Y is CH or N; 
         Z is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 7 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, or phenyl mono- or di-substituted with the same or different groups which are (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy, fluoro, chloro, or bromo 
         Z 1  is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl; 
         R 17  and R 18  are each independently hydrogen or methyl; and n is 1, 2, or 3. 
       
     
     
         44 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula V or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula V, wherein Formula V is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein the dotted line represents a bond or no bond; 
         A and B are each independently CH or N with the proviso that when A or B is N the other is CH; X is S, SO, SO 2 , CH 2 , CHOH, or CO; 
         n is 0 or 1; 
         Y 1  is CH R 20  or R 21 , with the proviso that when n is 1 and Y 1  is NR 21 , X 1  is SO 2  or CO; Z 2  is CH R 22 , CH 2 CH 2 , cyclic C 2 H 2 O, CH═CH, OCH 2 , SCH 2 , SOCH 2 , or SO 2 CH 2 ; 
         R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , and R 22  are each independently hydrogen or methyl; and 
         X 2  and X 3  are each independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxy, methoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, bromo, chloro, or fluoro. 
       
     
     
         45 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula II or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula VI, wherein Formula VI is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 23  is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3 to 7 carbon atoms, phenyl or mono- or all-substituted phenyl wherein the substituents are independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, halogen, or trifluoromethyl. 
       
     
     
         46 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula VII or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula VII, wherein Formula VII is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein A 2  represents an alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or an aralkyl group wherein the alkylene or the aryl moiety is substituted or unsubstituted; 
         A 3  represents a benzene ring having in total up to 3 optional substituents; 
         R 24  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an acyl group, an aralkyl group wherein the alkyl or the aryl moiety is substituted or unsubstituted, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; or A 2  together with R 24  represents substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3  polymethylene group; 
         R 25  and R 26  each represent hydrogen, or R 25  and R 26  together represent a bond; X 4  represents O or S; and 
         n represents an integer in the range from 2 to 6. 
       
     
     
         47 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula VIII or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula VIII, wherein Formula VIII is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: R 27  and R 28  each independently represent an alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or an aralkyl group being substituted or unsubstituted in the aryl or alkyl moiety; 
         or R 27  together with R 28  represents a linking group, the linking group consisting or an optionally substituted methylene group or an O or S atom; R 29  and R 30  each represent hydrogen, or R 29  and R 30  together represent a bond; 
         A 4  represents a benzene ring having in total up to 3 optional substituents; 
         X 5  represents O or S; and 
         n represents an integer in the range of 2 to 6. 
       
     
     
         48 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula IX or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula IX, wherein Formula IX is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: A 5  represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclyl group; A 6  represents a benzene ring having in total up to 5 substituents; 
         X 6  represents O, S, or NR 32  wherein R 32  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an acyl group, an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety may be substituted or unsubstituted, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; 
         Y 2  represents O or S; 
         R 31  represents an alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl group; and n represents an integer in the range from 2 to 6. 
       
     
     
         49 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula X or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula X, wherein Formula X is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: A 7  represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; 
         A 8  represents a benzene ring having in total up to 5 substituents; 
         X 8  represents O, S, or NR 9 , wherein R 39  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an acyl group, an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety may be substituted or unsubstituted, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; 
         Y 3  represents O or S; 
         R 37  represents hydrogen; 
         R 38  represents hydrogen or an alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl group or R 37  together with R 38  represents a bond; and 
         n represents an integer in the range from 2 to 6. 
       
     
     
         50 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula II or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula XI, wherein Formula XI is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein A 1  represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclyl group; 
         R 1  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an acyl group, an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety may be substituted or unsubstituted, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; 
         A 2  represents a benzene ring having in total 1 up to 5 substituents; and n represents an integer in the range of from to 6. 
       
     
     
         51 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula XII or Formula XIII or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula XII or Formula XIII, wherein Formula XII and Formula XIII are: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein the dotted line represents a bond or no bond; 
         R is cycloalkyl of three to seven carbon atoms, naphthyl, thienyl, furyl, phenyl, or substituted phenyl wherein the substituent is alkyl of one to three carbon atoms, alkoxy of one to three carbon atoms, trifluoromethyl, chloro, fluoro, or bis(trifluoromethyl); 
         R 1  is alkyl of one to three carbon atoms; 
         X is O or C═O; 
         A is O or S; and 
         B is N or CH. 
       
     
     
         52 : The method of  claim 39 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof being locally administered to the disorder and comprising at least one compound or a pharmaceutically salt thereof selected from the group consisting of:
 (+)-5[[4-[(3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione; 5-[4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; (ciglitazone); 4-(2-naphthylmethyl)-1,2,3,5-oxathiadiazole-2-oxide; 5-[4-[2-[(N-(benzoxazol-2-yl)-N-methylamino]ethoxy]benzyl]-5-methlthiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-[2,4-dioxo-5-phenylthiazolidine-3-yl)ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-[(N-methyl-N-(phenoxycarbonyl)amino]ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-phenoxyethoxy)benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-(4-chorophenyl)ethylsulfonyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[3-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)propionyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[[4-(3-hydroxy-1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)ethoxyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[(2-benzyl-2,3-dihydrobenzopyran)-5-ylmethyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[[2-(2-naphthylmethyl)benzoxazol]-5-ylmethyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-(3-phenylureido)ethoxyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-(N-benzoxazol-2-yl)-N-metholamino]ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-di one; 5-[4-[3-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)propionyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-ylmethyl)benzofuran-5-ylmethyl]oxazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-(N-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)amino]ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; and 5-[4-[2-(N-(benzoxazol-2-yl)-N-methylamino]ethoxy]benzyl]oxazolidine-2,4-dione. 
 
     
     
         53 : The method of  claim 52 , the PPARγ agonist administered topically. 
     
     
         54 : The method of  claim 39 , the at least one PPARγ agonist inhibiting or decreasing lipid accumulation in at least one pilosebaceous unit in the subject. 
     
     
         55 : The method of  claim 39 , the primary cicatricial alopecia selected from the group consisting of lymphocytic alopecia. 
     
     
         56 : The method of  claim 55 , the primary cicatricial lymphocytic alopecia selected from the group consisting of frontal fibrosing alopecia, chronic cutaneous lupus, erythematosus, pseudopelade, central centrifugal alopecia, alopecia mucinosa, keratosis follicularis spinulosadecalvans. 
     
     
         57 : The method of  claim 39 , further comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one anti-inflammatory agent. 
     
     
         58 : The method of  claim 57 , the at least one anti-inflammatory agent selected from a COX-2 inhibitor or a 5-LO inhibitor. 
     
     
         59 : A method of treating a primary cicatricial alopecia in a subject, the method comprising the step of administering to the cicatricial alopecia a therapeutically effective amount of at least one PPARγ agonist or derivative thereof and at least one anti-inflammatory agent, wherein the at least one PPARγ agonist inhibits or decreases peroxisome loss in at least one cell of the subject. 
     
     
         60 : The method of  claim 59 , the at least one anti-inflammatory agent selected from a COX-2 inhibitor or a 5-LO inhibitor. 
     
     
         61 : The method of  claim 59 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula I, wherein Formula I is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 1  and R 2  are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom or a C 1 -C 5  alkyl group; 
         R 3  represents a hydrogen atom, a C 1 -C 6  aliphatic acyl group, an alicyclic acyl group, an aromatic acyl group, a heterocyclic acyl group, an araliphatic acyl group, a (C 1 -C 6  alkoxy)carbonyl group, or an aralkyloxycarbonyl group; 
         R 4  and R 5  are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C 1 -C 5  alkyl group or a C 1 -C 5  alkoxy group, or R 4  and R 5  together represent a C 1 -C 5  alkylenedioxy group; 
         n is 1, 2, or 3; 
         W represents the CH 2 , CO, or CHOR 6  group in which R 6  represents any one of the atoms or groups defined for R 3 ; and 
         Y and Z are the same or different and each represents an oxygen atom or an imino (—NH) group; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 
       
     
     
         62 : The method of  claim 59 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula II or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula II, wherein Formula II is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 11  is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, phenylalkyl, phenyl, aromatic acyl group, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group including 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or a group of the formula indicated in: 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 13  and R 14  are the same or different and each is lower alkyl; and wherein L 1  and L 2  are the same or different and each is hydrogen or lower alkyl or L 1  and L 2  are combined to form an alkylene group. 
       
     
     
         63 : The method of  claim 59 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula III or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula III, wherein Formula III is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 15  and R 16  are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, halogen, ethyl, nitrite, methylthio, trifluoromethyl, vinyl, nitro, or halogen substituted benzyloxy; and n is 0 to 4. 
       
     
     
         64 : The method of  claim 59 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula IV or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula IV, wherein Formula IV is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein the dotted line represents a bond or no bond; V is HCH—, —NCH—, —CH═N—, or S; 
         D is CH 2 , CHOH, CO, C═NOR 17 , or CH═CH; X is S, SO, NR 18 , —CH═N, or —N═CH; 
         Y is CH or N; 
         Z is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 7 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, or phenyl mono- or di-substituted with the same or different groups which are (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy, fluoro, chloro, or bromo 
         Z 1  is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl; 
         R 17  and R 18  are each independently hydrogen or methyl; and n is 1, 2, or 3. 
       
     
     
         65 : The method of  claim 59 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula V or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula V, wherein Formula V is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein the dotted line represents a bond or no bond; 
         A and B are each independently CH or N with the proviso that when A or B is N the other is CH; X is S, SO, SO 2 , CH 2 , CHOH, or CO; 
         n is 0 or 1; 
         Y 1  is CH R 20  or R 21 , with the proviso that when n is 1 and Y 1  is NR 21 , X 1  is SO 2  or CO; Z 2  is CH R 22 , CH 2 CH 2 , cyclic C 2 H 2 O, CH═CH, OCH 2 , SCH 2 , SOCH 2 , or SO 2 CH 2 ; 
         R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , and R 22  are each independently hydrogen or methyl; and 
         X 2  and X 3  are each independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxy, methoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, bromo, chloro, or fluoro. 
       
     
     
         66 : The method of  claim 59 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula VI or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula VI, wherein Formula VI is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 23  is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3 to 7 carbon atoms, phenyl or mono- or all-substituted phenyl wherein the substituents are independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, halogen, or trifluoromethyl. 
       
     
     
         67 : The method of  claim 59 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula VII or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula VII, wherein Formula VII is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein A 2  represents an alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or an aralkyl group wherein the alkylene or the aryl moiety is substituted or unsubstituted; 
         A 3  represents a benzene ring having in total up to 3 optional substituents; 
         R 24  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an acyl group, an aralkyl group wherein the alkyl or the aryl moiety is substituted or unsubstituted, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; or A 2  together with R 24  represents substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3  polymethylene group; 
         R 25  and R 26  each represent hydrogen, or R 25  and R 26  together represent a bond; X 4  represents O or S; and 
         n represents an integer in the range from 2 to 6. 
       
     
     
         68 : The method of  claim 59 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula VIII or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula VIII, wherein Formula VIII is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: R 27  and R 28  each independently represent an alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or an aralkyl group being substituted or unsubstituted in the aryl or alkyl moiety; 
         or R 27  together with R 28  represents a linking group, the linking group consisting or an optionally substituted methylene group or an O or S atom; R 29  and R 30  each represent hydrogen, or R 29  and R 30  together represent a bond; 
         A 4  represents a benzene ring having in total up to 3 optional substituents; 
         X 5  represents O or S; and 
         n represents an integer in the range of 2 to 6. 
       
     
     
         69 : The method of  claim 59 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula IX or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula IX, wherein Formula IX is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: A 5  represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclyl group; A 6  represents a benzene ring having in total up to 5 substituents; 
         X 6  represents O, S, or NR 32  wherein R 32  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an acyl group, an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety may be substituted or unsubstituted, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; 
         Y 2  represents O or S; 
         R 31  represents an alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl group; and n represents an integer in the range from 2 to 6. 
       
     
     
         70 : The method of  claim 59 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula X or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula X, wherein Formula X is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: A 7  represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; 
         A 8  represents a benzene ring having in total up to 5 substituents; 
         X 8  represents O, S, or NR 9 , wherein R 39  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an acyl group, an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety may be substituted or unsubstituted, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; 
         Y 3  represents O or S; 
         R 37  represents hydrogen; 
         R 38  represents hydrogen or an alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl group or R 37  together with R 38  represents a bond; and 
         n represents an integer in the range from 2 to 6. 
       
     
     
         71 : The method of  claim 59 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula XI or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula XI, wherein Formula XI is: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein A 1  represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclyl group; 
         R 1  represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an acyl group, an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety may be substituted or unsubstituted, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; 
         A 2  represents a benzene ring having in total 1 up to 5 substituents; and n represents an integer in the range of from to 6. 
       
     
     
         72 : The method of  claim 59 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof comprising a compound of Formula XII or Formula XIII or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula XII or Formula XIII, wherein Formula XII and Formula XIII are: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein the dotted line represents a bond or no bond; 
         R is cycloalkyl of three to seven carbon atoms, naphthyl, thienyl, furyl, phenyl, or substituted phenyl wherein the substituent is alkyl of one to three carbon atoms, alkoxy of one to three carbon atoms, trifluoromethyl, chloro, fluoro, or bis(trifluoromethyl); 
         R 1  is alkyl of one to three carbon atoms; 
         X is O or C═O; 
         A is O or S; and 
         B is N or CH. 
       
     
     
         73 : The method of  claim 65 , the PPARγ agonist or a derivative thereof being locally administered to the disorder and comprising at least one compound or a pharmaceutically salt thereof selected from the group consisting of:
 (+)-5[[4-[(3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione; 5-[4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; (ciglitazone); 4-(2-naphthylmethyl)-1,2,3,5-oxathiadiazole-2-oxide; 5-[4-[2-[(N-(benzoxazol-2-yl)-N-methylamino]ethoxy]benzyl]-5-methlthiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-[2,4-dioxo-5-phenylthiazolidine-3-yl)ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-[(N-methyl-N-(phenoxycarbonyl)amino]ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-phenoxyethoxy)benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-(4-chorophenyl)ethylsulfonyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[3-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)propionyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[[4-(3-hydroxy-1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)ethoxyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[(2-benzyl-2,3-dihydrobenzopyran)-5-ylmethyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[[2-(2-naphthylmethyl)benzoxazol]-5-ylmethyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-(3-phenylureido)ethoxyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-(N-benzoxazol-2-yl)-N-metholamino]ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-di one; 5-[4-[3-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)propionyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-ylmethyl)benzofuran-5-ylmethyl]oxazolidine-2,4-dione; 5-[4-[2-(N-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)amino]ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione; and 5-[4-[2-(N-(benzoxazol-2-yl)-N-methylamino]ethoxy]benzyl]oxazolidine-2,4-dione. 
 
     
     
         74 : The method of  claim 73 , the PPARγ agonist administered topically. 
     
     
         75 : The method of  claim 59 , the primary cicatricial alopecia selected from the group consisting of lymphocytic alopecia. 
     
     
         76 : The method of  claim 75 , the primary cicatricial lymphocytic alopecia selected from the group consisting of lichen planopilaris, frontal fibrosing alopecia, chronic cutaneous lupus, erythematosus, pseudopelade, central centrifugal alopecia, alopecia mucinosa, and keratosis follicularis spinulosadecalvans. 
     
     
         77 : A method of treating lichen planopilaris in a subject, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one PPARγ agonist or derivative thereof and at least one anti-inflammatory agent, wherein the at least one PPARγ agonist inhibits or decreases peroxisome loss in at least one cell of the subject.