Electrochemical hydroxide systems and methods using metal oxidation

Abstract

There are provided methods and systems for an electrochemical cell including an anode and a cathode where the anode is contacted with a metal ion that converts the metal ion from a lower oxidation state to a higher oxidation state. The metal ion in the higher oxidation state is reacted with hydrogen gas, an unsaturated hydrocarbon, and/or a saturated hydrocarbon to form products.

1 - 25 . (canceled) 
     
     
         26 . An electrochemical system, comprising an anode chamber comprising a corrugated porous anode and an anode electrolyte, wherein the corrugated porous anode is configured to provide turbulence to the anode electrolyte in the anode chamber. 
     
     
         27 . The electrochemical system of  claim 26 , wherein the corrugated porous anode has a pore size between 2×1 mm to 20×10 mm. 
     
     
         28 . The electrochemical system of  claim 26 , wherein the corrugated porous anode has a wire thickness between 0.5 mm to 5 mm. 
     
     
         29 . The electrochemical system of  claim 26 , wherein the corrugated porous anode has corrugation amplitude between 1 mm to 8 mm. 
     
     
         30 . The electrochemical system of  claim 26 , wherein the corrugated porous anode has a corrugation period between 2 mm to 35 mm. 
     
     
         31 . The electrochemical system of  claim 26 , wherein the corrugated porous anode is made of titanium. 
     
     
         32 . The electrochemical system of  claim 31 , wherein the corrugated porous anode is coated with metal or alloy of the platinum group metal, PtIr mixed metal oxide, galvanized platinum, metal oxide, gold, tantalum, carbon, graphite, organometallic macrocyclic compound, or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         33 . The electrochemical system of  claim 26 , wherein the corrugated porous anode is configured to further provide higher surface area to the anode; increase in active sites; decrease in voltage; decrease or elimination of resistance by the anode electrolyte; increase in current density; improved mass transfer at the anode; or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         34 . The electrochemical system of  claim 26 , wherein the anode electrolyte is between 0-5M metal ion solution. 
     
     
         35 . An anode, comprising a corrugated porous anode wherein the corrugated porous anode is configured to provide turbulence to an anode electrolyte. 
     
     
         36 . The anode of  claim 35 , wherein the corrugated porous anode is made of titanium. 
     
     
         37 . The anode of  claim 36 , wherein the corrugated porous anode is coated with metal or alloy of the platinum group metal, PtIr mixed metal oxide, galvanized platinum, metal oxide, gold, tantalum, carbon, graphite, organometallic macrocyclic compound, or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         38 . The anode of  claim 35 , wherein the corrugated porous anode has a pore size between 2×1 mm to 20×10 mm, has a wire thickness between 0.5 mm to 5 mm, has corrugation amplitude between 1 mm to 8 mm, has a corrugation period between 2 mm to 35 mm, or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         39 . The anode of  claim 35 , wherein the anode electrolyte is between 0-5M metal ion solution. 
     
     
         40 . A method, comprising contacting a corrugated porous anode with an anode electrolyte, wherein the corrugated porous anode provides turbulence to the anode electrolyte. 
     
     
         41 . The method of  claim 40 , wherein the corrugated porous anode is made of titanium. 
     
     
         42 . The method of  claim 40 , wherein the corrugated porous anode further provides higher surface area to the anode; increase in active sites; decrease in voltage; decrease or elimination of resistance by the anode electrolyte; increase in current density; improved mass transfer at the anode; or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         43 . The method of  claim 40 , wherein the anode electrolyte is between 0-5M metal ion solution. 
     
     
         44 . The method of  claim 40 , wherein the corrugated porous anode has a pore size between 2×1 mm to 20×10 mm, has a wire thickness between 0.5 mm to 5 mm, has corrugation amplitude between 1 mm to 8 mm, has a corrugation period between 2 mm to 35 mm, or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         45 . The method of  claim 40 , wherein the anode oxidizes a metal ion from a lower oxidation state to a higher oxidation state. 
     
     
         46 . The electrochemical system of  claim 26 , wherein the anode chamber further comprises a flat porous anode. 
     
     
         47 . The anode of  claim 35 , wherein the anode further comprises a flat porous anode.