Compounds and methods of treating ocular disorders

Abstract

A method of treating an ocular disorder in a subject associated with aberrant all-trans-retinal clearance in the retina, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a primary amine compound of formula: wherein R 1 is an aliphatic and/or aromatic compound.

1 - 22 . (canceled) 
     
     
         23 . A method of treating a retinal pathology associated with aberrant all-trans-retinal clearance in the retina outer segment of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising:
 administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a primary amine compound of formula:   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 1  is an aliphatic and/or aromatic compound; the primary amine compound upon administration to the subject forming a reversible Schiff-base with the all-trans-retinal without adversely affecting normal retinoid cycle performance; the primary amine compound when administered to a Rdh8 -/- Abca4 -/-  mouse increasing the optical coherence tomography score of the mouse to at least about 2.5 and increasing 11-cis-retinal amount at least about 30% in comparison to untreated control animal, wherein the primary amine compound is not a local anesthetic, which includes an aromatic amine, that demonstrates sodium channel blockade when administered to the subject. 
       
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein R 1  is an aliphatic compound. 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein R 1  is an aromatic compound. 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 23 , the primary amine compound not inhibiting RPE65 enzymatic activity or any other proteins involved in retinoid metabolism in the eye of the subject. 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 23 , the primary amine compounds reducing the formation of A2E and/or retinal dimer in the subject's retina. 
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 23 , the primary amine compound being delivered to the subject by at least one of topical administration, systemic administration, intravitreal injection, and intraocular delivery. 
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 23 , the retinal pathology comprising at least one of macular degeneration, Stargardt's disease, geographic atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. 
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 23 , the primary amine compound not causing night blindness in the subject. 
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 23 , the primary compound comprising the formula: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 2  is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 6 ) straight chain or branched unsubstituted or substituted alkyl; 
         R 3  is straight or branched unsubstituted or substituted alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched alkenyl of from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, alkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, -alkylcycloalkyl, -alkylalkoxy, -alkyl, OH, -alkylphenyl, -alkylphenoxy, -phenyl or substituted phenyl; 
         R 4  is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 6 ) straight chain or branched unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or carboxyl; 
         Ar is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 of R 7 , wherein R 7  is independently selected from the group consisting of:
 (1) halogen, 
 (2) C 1-6  alkyl, which is linear or branched and is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 halogens, 
 (3) OC 1-6  alkyl, which is linear or branched and is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 halogens, and 
 (4) CN; 
 
         X 1  is selected from the group consisting of:
 (1) N, and 
 (2) CR 6 ; 
 
         R 5  and R 6  are independently selected from the group consisting of:
 (1) hydrogen, 
 (2) CN, 
 (3) C 1-10  alkyl, which is linear or branched and which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 halogens or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 substituents independently selected from halogen, CN, OH, R 8 , OR 8 , NHSO 2 R 8 , SO 2 R 8 , CO 2 H, and CO 2 C 1-6  alkyl, wherein the CO 2 C 1-6  alkyl is linear or branched, 
 (4) phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 substituents independently selected from halogen, CN, OH, R 8 , OR 8 , NHSO 2 R 8 , SO 2 R 8 , CO 2 H, and CO 2 C 1-6  alkyl, wherein the CO 2 C 1-6  alkyl is linear or branched, and 
 (5) a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle which may be saturated or unsaturated comprising 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S and O, the heterocycle being unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from oxo, OH, halogen, C 1-6  alkyl, and OC 1-6  alkyl, wherein the C 1-6  alkyl and OC 1-6  alkyl are linear or branched and optionally substituted with 1-5 halogens; 
 
         R 8  is C 1-6  alkyl, which is linear or branched and which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-5 groups independently selected from halogen, CO 2 H, and CO 2 C 1-6  alkyl, wherein the CO 2 C 1-6  alkyl is linear or branched; 
         R 9  and R 10  may be the same or different and are hydrogen, straight or branched alkyl of from one to six carbon atoms, lower alkylaryl, lower alkenyl, phenyl, CF 3 , hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, lower alkylsulphonyl, CF 3 O, at the six position halogen, nitro, carboxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl, NR 11 R 12 CO, NR 11 R 12 , R 11 CONR 12 , CN, NR 11 R 12 SO 2 , wherein R 11  and R 12  may be the same or different and are hydrogen, lower alkyl, or aryl; R 9  and R 10  may together form a carbocyclic or methylenedioxy ring; 
         R 14  is cyano, cyanomethyl, methoxymethyl, or ethoxymethyl; 
         X 2  is O, N(H), or S, het is a 5 or 6-membered heterocycle, n is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and each D is an unbranched lower alkyl group; 
         U is a substituent selected from halogen atom; cyano; lower alkyl wherein one or more hydrogen atoms on the lower alkyl group are optionally substituted by groups selected from a halogen atom, hydroxyl, carbamoyl, amino, aryl, and a monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic group containing one or more hetero-atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms; lower alkylthio wherein one or more hydrogen atoms on the alkyl group are optionally substituted by groups selected from a halogen atom, hydroxyl, carbamoyl, amino, and aryl; lower alkylsulfonyl wherein one or more hydrogen atoms on the alkyl group are optionally substituted by groups selected from a halogen atom, hydroxyl, carbamoyl, amino, and aryl; hydroxyl; lower alkoxy; formyl; lower alkylcarbonyl; arylcarbonyl; carboxyl; lower alkoxycarbonyl; carbamoyl; N-lower alkylcarbamoyl; N,N-di-lower alkylaminocarbonyl; amino; N-lower alkylamino; N,N-di-lower alkylamino; formylamino; lower alkylcarbonylamino; aminosulfonylamino; (N-lower alkylamino)sulfonylamino; (N,N-di-lower alkylamino)sulfonylamino; aryl, optionally substituted by groups selected from a halogen atom, hydroxyl, carbamoyl, aryl and amino; and a monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic group containing one or more hetero-atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms; 
         W, X, Y, and Z are each, independently, N, S, O CU or CH, such that at least one of W, X, Y, and Z is N; 
         A is 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         D is unbranched lower alkyl; 
         R 15  and R 16  are each independently substituted or unsubstituted C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , O 5 , O 6 , O 7 , or C 8 , straight chain alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 3 , O 4 , O 5 , O 6 , C 7 , or C 8 , branched chain alkyl; 
         L is a single bond or CH 2 ; 
         m is 0, 1, or 2; 
         n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 
         Y 1  is —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )— or —CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 —; 
         R 17  is aryl or heteroaryl; 
         R 18  and R 19  are each independently C 1 -C 4  alkyl or 2-methoxyethyl; 
         R 20  is hydrogen, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, 2-(C 1 -C 4  alkoxy)ethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, benzyl, or —(CH 2 ) m1 COR 21  where m1 is 1, 2 or 3 and R 21  is hydroxy, C 1 -C 4  alkoxy or —NR 22  where R 22  hydrogen or C 1 -C 4  alkyl; 
         R 23  and R 24  can be the same or different and are hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl 
         as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 
       
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 23  the primary amine compound being selected from the group consisting of: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 
       
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the primary amine compound is selected from the group consisting of: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 
       
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 23 , the primary amine compound comprising the formula: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 2  is hydrogen, straight or branched alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or phenyl; 
         R 3  is straight or branched alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched alkenyl of from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, alkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, -alkylcycloalkyl, -alkylalkoxy, -alkyl OH-alkylphenyl, -alkylphenoxy, -phenyl or substituted phenyl; and 
         R 4  is hydrogen, and R 2  is straight or branched alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or phenyl when R 3  is methyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
       
     
     
         35 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the primary amine compound is selected from the group consisting of:
 3-Aminomethyl-5-methylhexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-methylheptanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-undecanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dodecanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-tridecanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclopropyl-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclobutyl-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclopentyl-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclohexyl-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-phenyl-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-5-(phenylmethyl)-hexanoic acid; (S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid; (R)-3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid; (3R,4S)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid; (3R,4S)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid MP; (3S,4S)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid; (3R,4R)-3-Aminomethyl-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid MP; 3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-hexanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-heptanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-octanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-nonanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-4-isopropyl-decanoic acid; 3-Aminomethyl-4-phenyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methoxy-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-ethoxy-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-propoxy-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-isopropoxy-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-tert-butoxy-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-fluoromethoxy-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-phenoxy-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-chloro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-chloro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-fluoro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(4-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-(2-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-hydroxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-methoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-ethoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-propoxy-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-isopropoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-tert-butoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoromethoxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-phenoxy-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(4-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl 6-(2-nitro-phenoxy)-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-benzyloxy-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-hydroxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-methoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-ethoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-propoxy-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-isopropoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-tert-butoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-fluoromethoxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propoxy)-heptanoi-c acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-benzyloxy-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-phenoxy-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-chloro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-heptan-oic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-heptan-oic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-heptan-oic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(4-nitro-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-(2-nitro-phenoxy)-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-phenyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-phenyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-7-enoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-8-enoic acid; (E)-(3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-6-enoic acid; (Z)-(3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-oct-6-enoic acid; (Z)-(3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-6-enoic acid; (E)-(3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-6-enoic acid; (E)-(3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-7-enoic acid; (Z)-(3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-non-7-enoic acid; (Z)-(3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dec-7-enoic acid; (E)-(3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-undec-7-enoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5,6,6-trimethyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclopropyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclobutyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclopentyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-cyclohexyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-nonanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-decanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-undecanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-dodecanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5,9-dimethyl-decanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5,8-dimethyl-nonanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-6-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-7-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclobutyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-cyclohexyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7-fluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8-fluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-9-fluoro-5-methyl-nonanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-7,7,7-trifluoro-5-methyl-heptanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-8,8,8-trifluoro-5-methyl-octanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-8-phenyl-octanoic acid; (3S,5S)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-6-phenyl-hexanoic acid; (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-7-phenyl-heptanoic acid; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.   
     
     
         36 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the primary amine compound is selected from the group consisting of (S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, (R)-3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, and racemic mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the primary amine compound administered to the subject includes less than about 1% by weight (S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid and greater than about 99% by weight (R)-3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid. 
     
     
         38 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the primary amine compound administered to the subject includes less than about 1% by weight (R)-3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid and greater than about 99% by weight (S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid.