Electrode cuffs

Abstract

Apparatus is provided for application to a nerve of a subject, including an electrode cuff, which includes a housing, which is configured to be placed at least partially around the nerve so as to define an inner surface of the housing that faces the nerve. A plurality of insulating elements are coupled to the inner surface of the housing at respective insulating element longitudinal positions along the housing, such that the inner surface of the housing and pairs of the insulating elements define one or more respective cavities at respective cavity longitudinal positions along the housing. One or more electrodes are fixed to the housing in fewer than all of the cavities, such that at least one of the cavities is an empty cavity that does not have an electrode positioned therein. Other embodiments are also described.

1 . Apparatus for application to a nerve of a subject, comprising an electrode cuff, which comprises:
 a housing, configured to be placed at least partially around the nerve so as to define an inner surface of the housing that faces the nerve;   a plurality of insulating elements coupled to the inner surface of the housing at respective insulating element longitudinal positions along the housing, such that the inner surface of the housing and pairs of the insulating elements define respective cavities at respective cavity longitudinal positions along the housing; and   one or more electrodes, fixed to the housing in fewer than all of the cavities, such that at least one of the cavities is an empty cavity that does not have an electrode positioned therein.   
     
     
         2 . The apparatus according to  claim 1 , further comprising a control unit, coupled to the electrodes, and configured to drive at least a portion of the electrodes to apply a current to the nerve. 
     
     
         3 . The apparatus according to  claim 2 , wherein the electrodes comprise two or more cathode electrodes, and wherein the empty cavity is between and directly adjacent along the cuff to two cavities containing two respective ones of the cathode electrodes. 
     
     
         4 . The apparatus according to  claim 2 , wherein the electrodes comprise two or more anode electrodes, and wherein the empty cavity is between and directly adjacent along the cuff to two cavities containing two respective ones of the anode electrodes. 
     
     
         5 . The apparatus according to  claim 2 , wherein the electrodes comprise two or more cathode electrodes and one or more anode electrodes, and wherein the empty cavity is between and directly adjacent along the cuff to two cavities containing two respective ones of the cathode electrodes. 
     
     
         6 . The apparatus according to  claim 2 , wherein the electrodes comprise two or more anode electrodes and one or more cathode electrodes, and wherein the empty cavity is between and directly adjacent along the cuff to two cavities containing two respective ones of the anode electrodes. 
     
     
         7 . The apparatus according to  claim 2 , wherein the plurality of electrodes comprises at least one cathode electrode, at least one anode electrode, and two or more passive electrodes, and wherein the apparatus further comprises a conducting element, which electrically couples the passive electrodes to one another. 
     
     
         8 . The apparatus according to  claim 7 ,
 wherein the plurality of insulating elements includes at least seven insulating elements, which are arranged along the housing such that the inner surface of the housing and the pairs of insulating elements define first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cavities, the first cavity closest to an end of the housing, the second adjacent to the first, the third adjacent to the second, the fourth adjacent to the third, the fifth adjacent to the fourth, and the sixth adjacent to the fifth,   wherein the at least one cathode electrode comprises at least one first cathode electrode and at least one second cathode electrode,   wherein at least a first one of the passive electrodes is fixed to the housing in the first cavity,   wherein the at least one anode electrode is fixed to the housing in the second cavity,   wherein the at least one first cathode electrode is fixed to the housing in the third cavity,   wherein no electrodes are fixed to the housing in the fourth cavity,   wherein the at least one second cathode electrode is fixed to the housing in the fifth cavity, and   wherein at least a second one of the passive electrodes is fixed to the housing in the sixth cavity.   
     
     
         9 . The apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein the insulating elements are shaped so as to define respective contact surfaces, and wherein the housing and the insulating elements are configured such that the contact surfaces are suitable for being positioned less than 0.5 mm from a surface of the nerve when the housing is placed at least partially around the nerve. 
     
     
         10 . The apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein the insulating elements are shaped so as to define respective contact surfaces, and wherein the housing and the insulating elements are configured such that the contact surfaces are suitable for at least partially coming in physical contact with the nerve when the housing is placed at least partially around the nerve. 
     
     
         11 . The apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein a length that at least one of the insulating elements protrudes from the housing toward a central axis of the cuff is at least 0.5 mm. 
     
     
         12 . The apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein the electrodes are fixed to the housing in a number of the cavities, wherein a difference between the number of the cavities and a total number of the cavities is an integer between 1 and 3, inclusive, such that between 1 and 3 of the cavities do not have any of the electrodes fixed therein. 
     
     
         13 . (canceled) 
     
     
         14 . The apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein at least two of the electrodes are fixed to the housing in one of the cavities. 
     
     
         15 . The apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein the electrodes comprise ring electrodes. 
     
     
         16 . (canceled) 
     
     
         17 . The apparatus according to  claim 1 , wherein the one or more cavities include at least three cavities, and wherein the electrodes are fixed to the housing in at least two of the cavities. 
     
     
         18 . The apparatus according to  claim 17 , wherein the one or more cavities include at least four cavities, and wherein the electrodes are fixed to the housing in at least three of the cavities. 
     
     
         19 . Apparatus for application to a nerve, comprising:
 a cuff shaped so as to define along a longitudinal axis thereof cavities at respective cavity longitudinal positions along the cuff, wherein the cavities are open to the nerve and closed to an outer surface of the cuff when the cuff is placed at least partially around the nerve; and   one or more electrodes, fixed to the cuff in fewer than all of the cavities, such that at least one of the cavities is an empty cavity that does not have an electrode positioned therein.   
     
     
         20 . The apparatus according to  claim 19 , wherein the electrodes comprise ring electrodes. 
     
     
         21 . The apparatus according to  claim 19 , wherein at least two of the electrodes are fixed to the cuff in one of the cavities. 
     
     
         22 . (canceled) 
     
     
         23 . The apparatus according to  claim 19 , further comprising a control unit, coupled to the electrodes, and configured to drive at least a portion of the electrodes to apply a current to the nerve. 
     
     
         24 . The apparatus according to  claim 23 , wherein the electrodes comprise two or more cathode electrodes, and wherein the empty cavity is between and directly adjacent along the cuff to two cavities containing two respective ones of the cathode electrodes. 
     
     
         25 . The apparatus according to  claim 23 , wherein the electrodes comprise two or more anode electrodes, and wherein the empty cavity is between and directly adjacent along the cuff to two cavities containing two respective ones of the anode electrodes. 
     
     
         26 . The apparatus according to  claim 23 , wherein the electrodes comprise two or more cathode electrodes and one or more anode electrodes, and wherein the empty cavity is between and directly adjacent along the cuff to two cavities containing two respective ones of the cathode electrodes. 
     
     
         27 . The apparatus according to  claim 23 , wherein the electrodes comprise two or more anode electrodes and one or more cathode electrodes, and wherein the empty cavity is between and directly adjacent along the cuff to two cavities containing two respective ones of the anode electrodes. 
     
     
         28 . A method comprising:
 placing, at least partially around a nerve, a cuff shaped so to define along a longitudinal axis thereof cavities at respective cavity longitudinal positions along the cuff, the cuff including one or more electrodes fixed to the cuff in few than all of the cavities, such that at least one of the cavities is an empty cavity that does not have an electrode positioned therein; and   applying a current to the nerve using at least a portion of the electrodes,   wherein placing the cuff comprises placing the cuff at least partially around the nerve such that the cavities are open to the nerve and closed to an outer surface of the cuff.