Method of ameliorating oxidative stress and supplementing the diet

Abstract

A method of supplementing a diet and ameliorating oxidative stress in a mammal includes administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of lipid soluble, hydrophobic active compounds having a chemical structure: wherein R 1 is an aromatic backbone and R 2 is a sulfur containing ligand. Through formation of disulfide linkages other moieties can be attached to R 2 converting the hydrophobic base into a water soluble entity, for ease of delivery, which can be reconverted back to the original compound by biochemical reduction in the blood stream.

What is claimed: 
     
         1 . A method of supplementing a diet of a mammal, comprising:
 administering to said mammal a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound having a chemical formula:   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         where R 3 =ethyl or methyl, R 4 =hydrogen, glutathione, cysteine, alphadihydrolipoic acid, cystamine, thiolphosphate, 5′thioladenosine, L-homocysteine, co-enzyme A, 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, iodoacetate, bromoacetate, fluoroacetate or chloroacetate and n=2-4. 
       
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1 , including using oral administration. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1 , including administering between about 0.5 and about 40 milligrams of said compound per kilogram of said mammal's total body weight per day. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 1 , including using transdermal administration. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1 , including using nasal administration. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1 , including using administration by suppository. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1 , including using intravenous administration. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 1 , including administering said compound with another antioxidant. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1 , including selecting said antioxidant from a list of antioxidants consisting of vitamin-E, vitamin-D, cysteine, glutathione, lipoic acid and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         10 . A method to remove heavy metals and toxins from a mammal, comprising:
 administering to said mammal a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound having a chemical formula:   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       and
 where R 3 =ethyl or methyl, R 4 =hydrogen, glutathione, cysteine, alphadihydrolipoic acid, cystamine, thiolphosphate, 5′thioladenosine, L-homocysteine, co-enzyme A, 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, iodoacetate, bromoacetate, fluoroacetate or chloroacetate and n=2-4. 
 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 10 , including using oral administration. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 10 , including administering between about 0.5 and about 40 milligrams of said compound per kilogram of said mammal's total body weight per day. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 10 , including using transdermal administration. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 10 , including using nasal administration. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 10 , including using administration by suppository. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 10 , including using intravenous administration. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 10 , including administering said compound with a water soluble metal chelator. 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 17 , including selecting said water soluble metal chelator from a group consisting of glutathione (GSH), dihydrolipoic acid (DLPA), lipoic acid (LPA), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS), dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         19 . A method of relieving oxidative stress in a mammal, comprising:
 administering to said mammal a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound having a chemical formula:   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       and
 where R 3 =ethyl or methyl, R 4 =hydrogen, glutathione, cysteine, alphadihydrolipoic acid, cystamine, thiolphosphate, 5′thioladenosine, L-homocysteine, co-enzyme A, 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, iodoacetate, bromoacetate, fluoroacetate or chloroacetate and n=2-4. 
 
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 19 , including using oral administration. 
     
     
         21 . The method of  claim 19 , including administering between about 0.5 and about 100 milligrams of said compound per kilogram of said mammal's total body weight per day. 
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 19 , including using transdermal administration. 
     
     
         23 . The method of  claim 19 , including using nasal administration. 
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 19 , including using administration by suppository. 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 19 , including using intravenous administration. 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 19 , including administering said compound with a precursor of glutathione. 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 26 , including selecting said precursor of glutathione from a group consisting of cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, glycine, glutamate and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 19 , including administering said compound with a dietary supplement that supports glutathione synthesis. 
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 28 , including selecting said dietary supplement from a group consisting of whey protein, N-acetylcysteine, cysteine, glutathione, nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ), reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH), glycylcysteine (gly-cys), glutamylcysteine (glu-cys), and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         30 . A pharmaceutical composition, comprising:
 a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound having a chemical formula:   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         where R 3 =ethyl or methyl, R 4 =hydrogen, glutathione, cysteine, alphadihydrolipoic acid, cystamine, thiolphosphate, 5′thioladenosine, L-homocysteine, co-enzyme A, 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, iodoacetate, bromoacetate, fluoroacetate or chloroacetate and n=2-4; 
         and 
         a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 
       
     
     
         31 . The composition of  claim 30 , wherein said excipient is selected from a group of materials consisting of Acacia, Acesulfame Potassium, Acetic Acid, Glacial, Acetone, Acetyltributyl, Citrate, Acetyltriethyl Citrate, Agar, Albumin, Alcohol, Alginic Acid, Aliphatic Polyesters, Alitame, Almond Oil, Alpha Tocopherol, Aluminum Hydroxide Adjuvant, Aluminum Oxide, Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvant, Aluminum Stearate, Ammonia Solution, Ammonium Alginate, Ascorbic Acid, Ascorbyl Palmitate, Aspartame, Attapulgite, Bentonite, Benzalkonium, hloride, Benzethonium Chloride, Benzoic Acid, Benzyl Alcohol, Benzyl Benzoate, Boric Acid, Bronopol, Butylated Hydroxyanisole, Butylated Hydroxytoluene, Butylparaben, Calcium, lginate, Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Phosphate, Dibasic Anhydrous, Calcium Phosphate, Dihydrate, Calcium Phosphate, Tribasic, Calcium Stearate, Calcium Sulfate, Canola Oil, Carbomer, Carbon Dioxide, Carboxymethylcellulose Calcium, Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium, Carrageenan, Castor Oil, Castor Oil, Hydrogenated, Cellulose, Microcrystalline, Cellulose, Cellulose, Silicified Microcrystalline, Cellulose Acetate, Cellulose Acetate Phthalate, Ceratonia, Cetostearyl Alcohol, Cetrimide, Cetyl Alcohol, Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Chitosan, Chlorhexidine, Chlorobutanol, Chlorocresol, Chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Chloroxylenol, Cholesterol, Citric Acid Monohydrate, Colloidal, ilicon Dioxide, Coloring Agents, Copovidone, Corn Oil, Cottonseed Oil, Cresol, Croscarmellose Sodium, Crospovidone, Cyclodextrins, Cyclomethicone, Denatonium Benzoate, Dextrates, Dextrin, Dextrose, Dibutyl Phthalate, Dibutyl Sebacate, Diethanolamine, Diethyl Phthalate, Difluoroethane (HFC), Dimethicone, Dimethyl Ether, Dimethyl Phthalate, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Dimethylacetamide, Disodium Edetate, Docusate Sodium, Edetic Acid, Erythorbic Acid, Erythritol, Ethyl Acetate, Ethyl Lactate, Ethyl Maltol, Ethyl Oleate, Ethyl Vanillin, Ethylcellulose, Ethylene Glycol Palmitostearate, Ethylene Vinyl Acetate, Ethylparaben, Fructose, Fumaric Acid, Gelatin, Glucose, Liquid, Glycerin, Glyceryl Behenate, Glyceryl Monooleate, Glyceryl Monostearate, Glyceryl Palmitostearate, Glycofurol, Guar Gum, Hectorite, Heptafluoropropane (HFC), Hexetidine, Hydrocarbons (HC), Hydrochloric Acid, Hydroxyethyl Cellulose, Hydroxyethylmethyl Cellulose, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose, Low-substituted, Hydroxypropyl Starch, Hypromellose, Hypromellose Acetate Succinate, Hypromellose Phthalate, Imidurea, Inulin, Iron Oxides, Isomalt, Isopropyl Alcohol, Isopropyl Myristate, Isopropyl Palmitate, Kaolin, Lactic Acid, Lactitol, Lactose, Anhydrous, Lactose, Monohydrate, Lactose, Spray-Dried, Lanolin, Lanolin, Hydrous, Lanolin Alcohols, Lauric Acid, Lecithin, Leucine, Linoleic Acid, Macrogol 15 Hydroxystearate, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Magnesium Carbonate, Magnesium Oxide, Magnesium Silicate, Magnesium Stearate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Malic Acid, Maltitol, Maltitol Solution, Maltodextrin, Maltol, Maltose, Mannitol, Medium-chain Triglycerides, Meglumine, Menthol, Methylcellulose, Methylparaben, Mineral Oil, Mineral Oil, Light, Mineral Oil and Lanolin Alcohols, Monoethanolamine, Monosodium Glutamate, Monothioglycerol, Myristic Acid, Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone, Nitrogen, Nitrous Oxide, Octyldodecanol, Oleic Acid, Oleyl Alcohol, Olive Oil, Palmitic Acid, Paraffin, Peanut Oil, Pectin, Petrolatum and Lanolin Alcohols, Petrolatum, Phenol, Phenoxyethanol, Phenylethyl Alcohol, Phenylmercuric Acetate, Phenylmercuric Borate, Phenylmercuric Nitrate, Phosphoric Acid, Polacrilin Potassium, Poloxamer, Polycarbophil, Polydextrose, Polyethylene Glycol, Polyethylene Oxide, Polymethacrylates, Poly(methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride), Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ethers, Polyoxyethylene Castor Oil Derivatives, Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters, Polyoxyethylene Stearates, Polyvinyl Acetate, Phthalate, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Potassium Alginate, Potassium Benzoate, Potassium Bicarbonate, Potassium Chloride, Potassium Citrate, Potassium Hydroxide, Potassium Metabisulfite, Potassium Sorbate, Povidone, Propionic Acid, Propyl Gallate, Propylene Carbonate, Propylene Glycol, Propylene Glycol Alginate, Propylparaben, 2-Pyrrolidone, Raffinose, Saccharin, Saccharin Sodium, Saponite, Sesame Oil, Shellac, Simethicone, Sodium Acetate, Sodium Alginate, Sodium Ascorbate, Sodium Benzoate, Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Borate, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Citrate Dihydrate, Sodium Cyclamate, Sodium Hyaluronate, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Lactate, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Sodium Metabisulfite, Sodium Phosphate, Dibasic, Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic, Sodium Propionate, Sodium Starch Glycolate, Sodium Stearyl Fumarate, Sodium Sulfite, Sorbic Acid, Sorbitan Esters (Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters), Sorbitol, Soybean Oil, Starch, Starch, Pregelatinized, Starch, Sterilizable Maize, Stearic Acid, Stearyl Alcohol, Sucralose, Sucrose, Sugar, Compressible, Sugar, Confectioner's, Sugar Spheres, Sulfobutylether β-Cyclodextrin, Sulfuric Acid, Sunflower Oil, Suppository Bases, Hard Fat, Talc, Tartaric Acid, Tetrafluoroethane (HFC), Thaumatin, Thymol, Titanium Dioxide, Tragacanth, Trehalose, Triacetin, Tributyl Citrate, Triethanolamine, Triethyl Citrate, Vanillin, Vegetable Oil, Hydrogenated, Water, Wax, Anionic Emulsifying, Wax, Carnauba, Wax, Cetyl Esters, Wax, Microcrystalline, Wax, Nonionic Emulsifying, Wax, White, Wax, Yellow, Xanthan Gum, Xylitol, Zein, Zinc Acetate, Zinc Stearate and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         32 . The composition of  claim 30 , wherein said excipient is selected from a group of materials consisting of albumin, almond oil, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, calcium stearate, canola oil, calcium carboxymethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, castor oil, hydrogenated castor oil, microcrystalline cellulose, corn oil, cotton seed oil, cyclodextrins, ethylene glycol palmitostearate, gelatin, glycerin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, lanolin, linoleic acid, magnesium silicate, magnesium stearate, medium-chain triglycerides, mineral oil, olive oil, peanut oil, pectin, compressible sugar, sunflower oil, hydrogenate vegetable oil, water and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         33 . The composition of  claim 30 , further including an additional antioxidant. 
     
     
         34 . The composition of  claim 33 , wherein said additional antioxidant is selected from a group consisting of vitamin-E, vitamin-D, cystine, glutathione, lipoic acid and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         35 . The composition of  claim 30 , further including a water soluble metal chelator. 
     
     
         36 . The composition of  claim 35 , wherein said water soluble metal chelator is selected from a group consisting of glutathione (GSH), dihydrolipoic acid (DLPA), lipoic acid (LPA), N-acetylcysteing (NAC), dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS), dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         37 . The composition of  claim 30 , further including a precursor of glutathione. 
     
     
         38 . The composition of  claim 37 , wherein said precursor of glutathione is selected from a group of materials consisting of cysteine, N-acetylcystein, glycine, glutamate and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         39 . The composition of  claim 30 , further including an additional dietary supplement that supports glutathione synthesis. 
     
     
         40 . The composition of  claim 39 , wherein said additional dietary supplement is selected from a group of materials consisting of whey protein, N-acetylcystein, cysteine, glutathione, nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ), reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH), glycylcysteine (gly-cys), glutamylcysteine (glu-cyc), and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         41 . The composition of  claim 30 , further including a material selected from a group consisting of a binder, a preservative, a mineral supplement, a bulking agent, a flavoring agent and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         42 . The composition of  claim 30 , including between about 99.5 and about 85 weight percent active compound and between about 0.5 and about 15 weight percent excipient. 
     
     
         43 . A pharmaceutical composition, comprising:
 between about 99.5 and about 5 weight percent of a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound having a chemical formula:   
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       and
 where R 3 =ethyl or methyl, R 4 =hydrogen, glutathione, cysteine, alphadihydrolipoic acid, cystamine, thiolphosphate, 5′thioladenosine, L-homocysteine, co-enzyme A, 2-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, iodoacetate, bromoacetate, fluoroacetate or chloroacetate and n=2-4; 
 between about 0.0 and about 50 weight percent of an additional antioxidant; 
 between about 0.0 and about 20 weight percent of a water soluble metal chelator; 
 between about 0.0 and about 50 weight percent of glutathione; 
 between about 0.0 and about 50 weight percent of an additional dietary supplement that supports glutathione synthesis; and 
 between about 0.5 and about 50 weight percent of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.