Polyanion active materials and method of forming the same

Abstract

A method of forming a polyanion active material that includes providing a carbon source, providing a mobile ion source, providing an active metal material, providing a network material, providing a flux material, and mixing the various materials. In one aspect, the mixing step may include grinding or pulverizing materials to a uniform fine mixture. In one aspect, a ball mill may be utilized to mix the components. Following the mixing of the materials, the mixture is heated to a predetermined temperature in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to form a reaction product. In one aspect, the mixture is heated to a temperature above a melting temperature of the flux material. In this manner, the flux material provides a medium in which the various reactants may react to form the desired reaction product. Following the heating of the mixture the reaction product is washed, forming a carbon coated polyanion active material. Also disclosed is a polyanion active material that includes the in situ reaction product of a carbon source, mobile ion source, active metal material, network material, and a flux material wherein the polyanion active material includes a carbon coating formed thereon.

1 . A method of forming a polyanion active material comprising:
 providing a carbon source;   providing a mobile ion source;   providing an active metal material;   providing a network material;   providing a flux material;   mixing the carbon source, mobile ion source, active metal material, flux material and network material;   heating the mixture to a predetermined temperature in a non-oxidizing atmosphere forming a reaction product; and   washing the reaction product forming a carbon coated polyanion active material.   
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the carbon source is selected from: carbohydrates, aromatic hydrocarbons, organic compounds including carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and graphite. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the mobile ion source is selected from LiOH, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiNO3, Li2CO3, Li2SO4, Li3PO4, LiH2PO4, LiCOOCH3, MgO, Mg(OH)2, MgCl2, MgBr2, MgI2, Mg(NO3)2, MgCO3, MgSO4, Mg3(PO4)2, and Mg(COOCH3)2. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the active metal material is selected from transition metal compounds. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 4  wherein the transition metal compounds include MnO, MnCO3, MnSO4, MnCl2, MnBr2, MnI2, Mn(COOCH3)2, FeSO4, FeCl2, FeBr2, FeI2, Fe(COOCH3)2, FeC2O4, FeC6H8O7, Fe(NO3)3, Cr2O3, Cr2(CO3)3, CrCI3, CrBr3, CrI3, V2O5, V2O3, NiO, NiCO3, NiCl2, NiBr2, NiI2, Ni(OH)2, Ni(NO3)2, Co3O4, CoCO3, CoCl2, CoBr2, CoI2, Co(OH)2. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the network material includes SiO 2  and H 3 PO 4 . 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the flux material includes chlorides, bromides and iodides of alkaline and alkaline earth metals and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the carbon coated polyanion active material is in the form of crystals having an average diameter of from 15 nanometers to 50 microns. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the mixing step includes grinding the materials to a uniform fine mixture. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the carbon coated polyanion active material is formed in-situ. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the mixture is heated above a melting temperature of the flux material. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the flux material includes KCl, the mobile ion source includes MgO, the active metal material includes MnCO 3 , the network material includes SiO 2 , and the carbon source includes glucose. 
     
     
         13 . A polyanion active material comprising the in-situ reaction product of a carbon source, a mobile ion source; an active metal material; a network material; and a flux material wherein the polyanion active material includes a carbon coating formed thereon. 
     
     
         14 . The polyanion active material of  claim 13  wherein the carbon source is selected from: carbohydrates, aromatic hydrocarbons, organic compounds including carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and graphite. 
     
     
         15 . The polyanion active material of  claim 13  wherein the mobile ion source is selected from LiOH, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiNO3, Li2CO3, Li2SO4, Li3PO4, LiH2PO4, LiCOOCH3, MgO, Mg(OH)2, MgCl2, MgBr2, MgI2, Mg(NO3)2, MgCO3, MgSO4, Mg3(PO4)2, and Mg(COOCH3)2. 
     
     
         16 . The polyanion active material of  claim 13  wherein the active metal material includes transition metal compounds. 
     
     
         17 . The polyanion active material of  claim 13  wherein the transition metal compounds include MnO, MnCO3, MnSO4, MnCl2, MnBr2, MnI2, Mn(COOCH3)2, FeSO4, FeCl2, FeBr2, FeI2, Fe(COOCH3)2, FeC2O4, FeC6H8O7, Fe(NO3)3, Cr2O3, Cr2(CO3)3, CrCl3, CrBr3, CrI3, V2O5, V2O3, NiO, NiCO3, NiCl2, NiBr2, NiI2, Ni(OH)2, Ni(NO3)2, Co3O4, CoCO3, CoCl2, CoBr2, CoI2, Co(OH)2. 
     
     
         18 . The polyanion active material of  claim 13  wherein the network material includes SiO 2  and H 3 PO 4 . 
     
     
         19 . The polyanion active material of  claim 13  wherein the flux material includes chlorides, bromides and iodides of alkaline and alkaline earth metals and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         20 . The polyanion active material of  claim 13  wherein the carbon coated polyanion active material is in the form of crystals having an average diameter of from 15 nanometers to 50 microns. 
     
     
         21 . A battery comprising:
 an anode;   an electrolyte; and   a cathode including an active material having the in-situ reaction product of a carbon source, a mobile ion source; an active metal material; a network material; and a flux material wherein the polyanion active material includes a carbon coating formed thereon.