Methods and compositions to prevent addiction

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a method of reducing or preventing the development of aversion to a CNS stimulant in a subject comprising, administering a therapeutic amount of the neurological stimulant and administering an antagonist of the kappa opioid receptor, to thereby reduce or prevent the development of aversion to the CNS stimulant in the subject. Also disclosed is a method of reducing or preventing the development of addiction to a CNS stimulant in a subject, comprising, administering the CNS stimulant and administering a mu opioid receptor antagonist to thereby reduce or prevent the development of addiction to the CNS stimulant in the subject. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a central nervous system stimulant and an opioid receptor antagonist. Examples of central nervous system stimulants (such as methylphenidate) and opioid receptor antagonists (such as naltrexone) are provided.

1 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising a central nervous system stimulant and an opioid receptor antagonist. 
     
     
         2 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 1 , wherein the opioid receptor antagonist is selected from the group consisting of naltrexone, naloxone, diprenorphine, etorphine, dihydroetorphine, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         3 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 2 , wherein the CNS stimulant is selected from the group consisting of methylphenidate, amphetamine, modafinil, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         4 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 3 , wherein the CNS stimulant is present in a therapeutic amount and the opioid receptor antagonist is present in an amount for preferred inhibition of the mu opioid receptor. 
     
     
         5 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 4 , that is formulated for enteral administration. 
     
     
         6 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 5 , that is formulated for oral administration. 
     
     
         7 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 6 , that is formulated as a tablet or capsule. 
     
     
         8 . The pharmaceutical composition of  claim 6 , wherein the opioid receptor antagonist is formulated such that when ingested, the opioid receptor antagonist remains intact. 
     
     
         9 . A method of reducing or preventing the development of aversion or addiction to a CNS stimulant in a subject comprising, administering a therapeutic amount of the neurological stimulant and administering an antagonist of the kappa opioid receptor, to thereby reduce or prevent the development of aversion to the CNS stimulant in the subject, or administering a mu opioid receptor antagonist to thereby reduce or prevent the development of addiction to the CNS stimulant in the subject. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 9 , further comprising selecting a subject at risk for the development of aversion or addiction to the CNS stimulant, prior to the administering. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 9 , wherein the subject is diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, chronic fatigue syndrome, or depression. 
     
     
         12 . A method to decrease the dysphoria or euphoria associated with the use of therapeutic doses of a CNS nervous system stimulant comprising administering a therapeutic amount of the CNS stimulant and administering a kappa opioid receptor antagonist, to thereby decrease the dysphoria, or administering a mu opioid receptor antagonist, to thereby decrease the euphoria. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 12 , further comprising, selecting a subject at risk for the development of dysphoria or euphoria, prior to administering. 
     
     
         14 .- 19 . (canceled) 
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 9  wherein the CNS stimulant is selected from the group consisting of methylphenidate, amphetamine, modafinil, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         21 . The method of  claim 9 , wherein the CNS stimulant results in activation of a dopamine receptor. 
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 21 , wherein the dopamine receptor is selected from the group consisting of D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         23 . The method of  claim 9 , wherein the opioid receptor antagonist is selected from the group consisting of naltrexone, naloxone, diprenorphine, etorphine, dihydroetorphine, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 9 , wherein the administering is oral. 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 9 , wherein the CNS stimulant and the opioid receptor antagonist are administered in the same pharmaceutical composition. 
     
     
         26 . (canceled) 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 9  wherein the opioid receptor antagonist is administered in the dosage of from about 50 to about 100 mg.