Color enhancement utilizing up converters and down converters

Abstract

A light emitting composition including first color emitters and second color emitters. The first color emitters are configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source, visible light at a target color in response to absorption of energy across a first band of wavelengths. The second color emitters are configured to emit, upon exposure to the energy source, visible light at the target color in response to absorption of energy across a second band of wavelengths. The light intensity observable at the target color is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the first and second color emitters. The light emitting composition can be a part of a paint, an ink, a fabric, a thread, a road sign, a highway marking, an automobile, a boat, a plane, a reflector, a building product, a concrete product, an epoxy product, a jewelry product, colored contact lens, a candle product, a rubber product, a plastic product, or other colored surface.

1 . A light emitting composition comprising:
 first color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source, visible light at a first target color in response to absorption of energy across a first band of wavelengths;   second color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to the energy source, visible light at a second target color in response to absorption of energy across a second band of wavelengths, wherein   light intensity observable at the target color is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the first and second color emitters.   
     
     
         2 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the first target color and the second target color are the same. 
     
     
         3 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the first target color and the second target color are different. 
     
     
         4 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises light emitting particles having a diameter less than about 1000 nanometers. 
     
     
         5 . The composition of  claim 4 , wherein the light emitting particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle,
 wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides spectral overlap with either the first or second band of wavelengths.   
     
     
         6 . The composition of  claim 4 , wherein the light emitting particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle,
 wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides enhanced emission at the first or second target color.   
     
     
         7 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters are included with dye molecules for a display. 
     
     
         8 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a color emitting pixel display element. 
     
     
         9 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a color filter. 
     
     
         10 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a colored surface of at least one of a paint, an ink, a fabric, a thread, a road sign, a highway marking, an automobile, a boat, a plane, a reflector, a building product, a concrete product, an epoxy product, a jewelry product, colored contact lens, a candle product, a rubber product, a plastic product, or other colored surface. 
     
     
         11 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a colored reflective surface. 
     
     
         12 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a colored reflective surface in a pixel for a display. 
     
     
         13 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a white-light emitting pixel display element. 
     
     
         14 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component disposed on glass beads in a retroreflective paint. 
     
     
         15 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a binder layer securing glass beads in a retroreflective paint to a base paint. 
     
     
         16 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises an ink component. 
     
     
         17 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         18 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein mixtures of the first and second color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         19 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         20 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein mixtures of the first and second color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         21 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a mixture of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         22 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein mixtures of the first and second color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from mixtures of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         23 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a mixture of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         24 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein mixtures of the first and second color emitters comprise mixtures of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         25 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the first and second color emitters comprise:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is different from the first visible color.   
     
     
         26 . The composition of  claim 25 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         27 . The composition of  claim 25 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are primary colors. 
     
     
         28 . The composition of  claim 25 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         29 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein the first and second color emitters comprises:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is substantially the same color as the first visible color.   
     
     
         30 . The composition of  claim 29 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         31 . The composition of  claim 29 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         32 . The composition of  claim 29 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are at least two of the primary colors. 
     
     
         33 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a metallic structure disposed in relation to a nanoparticle emitter. 
     
     
         34 . The composition of  claim 33 , wherein the metallic structure comprises a metallic shell having at least one of a spherical shell, an oblate shell, a crescent shell, a multilayer shell, a star-shaped shell, a cone-shaped shell, or a rod-shaped shell. 
     
     
         35 . The composition of  claim 33 , wherein said metallic structure comprises at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or a combination or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         36 . The composition of  claim 33 , wherein the nanoparticle emitter comprises at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         37 . The composition of  claim 36 , wherein the nanoparticle comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof 
     
     
         38 . The composition of  claim 37 , wherein the dopant is included at a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration. 
     
     
         39 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a down converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 ; ZnS; ZnSe; MgS; CaS; Mn, Er ZnSe; Mn, Er MgS; Mn, Er CaS; Mn, Er ZnS; Mn, Yb ZnSe; Mn, Yb MgS; Mn, Yb CaS; Mn,Yb ZnS:Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Mn 2+ ; ZnS:Mn, Er 3+ . 
     
     
         40 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a dielectric up converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         41 . The composition of  claim 40 , wherein the dielectric up converter has a diameter ranging from at least one of 2-1000 nm, 2-100 nm, 2-50 nm, 2-20 nm, or 2-10 nm. 
     
     
         42 . The composition of  claim 40 , wherein:
 the dielectric up converter comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof; and   the dopant has a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration.   
     
     
         43 . The composition of  claim 40 , further comprising a metallic structure disposed in relation to the dielectric up converter, and the metallic structure includes at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         44 . The composition of  claim 40 , wherein the dielectric up converter is configured to exhibit visible emission upon interaction with NIR light. 
     
     
         45 . The composition of  claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprise an upconverter including at least one of Tm 3+  doped flourozirconate glasses, LuPO 4 :Yb 3+ , Tm 3+ , and YbPO 4 :Er 3+  nanocrystals, tellurium and germanium oxides, tellurium and germanium oxides doped with at least one Tm, Yb, Ho, Er, or Pr, Yb 3+  doped BaZrO 3 , Nd 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+ , Yb 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+  and Ho 3+  co-doped-based ZrF 4  fluoride glasses, Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ -codoped TeO 2 —Ga 2 O 3 —R 2 O (R═Li, Na, K) glasses, and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition materials, and MLCT transition materials including [Ru(dmb) 3 ] 2+  (dmb=4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine). 
     
     
         46 . A paint comprising:
 a pigment; and   color emitters comprising,   first color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source, visible light at a first target color in response to absorption of energy across a first band of wavelengths   second color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to the energy source, visible light at a second target color in response to absorption of energy across a second band of wavelengths, wherein   light intensity observable at the first and second target colors is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the first and second color emitters.   
     
     
         47 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein the first target color and the second target color are the same. 
     
     
         48 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein the first target color and the second target color are different. 
     
     
         49 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprise light emitting particles having a diameter less than about 1000 nanometers. 
     
     
         50 . The paint of  claim 49 , wherein the light emitting particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle, wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides spectral overlap with either the first or second band of wavelengths. 
     
     
         51 . The paint of  claim 49 , wherein the light emitting particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle,
 wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides enhanced emission at the first or second target color.   
     
     
         52 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a colored surface of at least one of a paint, a fabric, a thread, a road sign, a highway marking, an automobile, a boat, a plane, and a reflector, or other painted surface. 
     
     
         53 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component disposed on glass beads in a retroreflective paint. 
     
     
         54 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a binder layer securing glass beads in a retroreflective paint to a base paint. 
     
     
         55 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         56 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein mixtures of the first and second color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         57 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         58 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein mixtures of the first and second color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         59 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a mixture of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         60 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein mixtures of the first and second color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from mixtures of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         61 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein a mixture of the color emitters comprises a mixture of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         62 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein mixtures of the color emitters comprise mixtures of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         63 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein at least one of the first or second color emitters comprises:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is different from the first visible color.   
     
     
         64 . The paint of  claim 63 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         65 . The paint of  claim 64 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are primary colors. 
     
     
         66 . The paint of  claim 63 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         67 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein at least one of the first or second color emitters comprises:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is substantially the same color as the first visible color.   
     
     
         68 . The paint of  claim 67 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         69 . The paint of  claim 67 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         70 . The paint of  claim 69 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are at least two of the primary colors. 
     
     
         71 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein at least one of the first or second color emitters comprises a metallic structure disposed in relation to a nanoparticle emitter. 
     
     
         72 . The paint of  claim 71 , wherein the metallic structure comprises a metallic shell having at least one of a spherical shell, an oblate shell, a crescent shell, a multilayer shell, a star-shaped shell, a cone-shaped shell, or a rod-shaped shell. 
     
     
         73 . The paint of  claim 71 , wherein said metallic structure comprises at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or a combination or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         74 . The paint of  claim 71 , wherein the nanoparticle emitter comprises at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         75 . The paint of  claim 74 , wherein the nanoparticle comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         76 . The paint of  claim 75 , wherein the dopant is included at a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration. 
     
     
         77 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a down converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 ; ZnS; ZnSe; MgS; CaS; Mn, Er ZnSe; Mn, Er MgS; Mn, Er CaS; Mn, Er ZnS; Mn, Yb ZnSe; Mn, Yb MgS; Mn, Yb CaS; Mn, Yb ZnS:Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Mn 2+ ; ZnS:Mn, Er 3+ . 
     
     
         78 . The paint of  claim 77 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a dielectric up converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         79 . The paint of  claim 78 , wherein the dielectric up converter has a diameter ranging from at least one of 2-1000 nm, 2-100 nm, 2-50 nm, 2-20 nm, or 2-10 nm. 
     
     
         80 . The paint of  claim 78 , wherein:
 the dielectric up converter comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof and   the dopant has a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration.   
     
     
         81 . The paint of  claim 78 , further comprising a metallic structure disposed in relation to the dielectric up converter, and the metallic structure includes at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         82 . The paint of  claim 66 , wherein the dielectric up converter is configured to exhibit visible emission upon interaction with NIR light. 
     
     
         83 . The paint of  claim 46 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprise an upconverter including at least one of Tm 3+  doped flourozirconate glasses, LuPO 4 :Yb 3+ , Tm 3+ , and YbPO 4 :Er 3+  nanocrystals, tellurium and germanium oxides, tellurium and germanium oxides doped with at least one Tm, Yb, Ho, Er, or Pr, Yb 3+  doped BaZrO 3 , Nd 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+ , Yb 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+  and Ho 3+  co-doped-based ZrF 4  fluoride glasses, Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ -codoped TeO 2 —Ga 2 O 3 —R 2 O (R═Li, Na, K) glasses, and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition materials, and MLCT transition materials including [Ru(dmb) 3 ] 2+  (dmb=4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine). 
     
     
         84 . An ink comprising:
 a dye; and   color emitters included in the dye, and comprising,   first color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source, visible light at a first target color in response to absorption of energy across a first band of wavelengths,   second color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to the energy source, visible light at a second target color in response to absorption of energy across a second band of wavelengths, wherein   light intensity observable at the first and second target colors is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the first and second color emitters.   
     
     
         85 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein the first target color and the second target color are the same. 
     
     
         86 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein the first target color and the second target color are different. 
     
     
         87 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises light emitting particles having a diameter less than about 1000 nanometers. 
     
     
         88 . The ink of  claim 87 , wherein the light emitting particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle,
 wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides spectral overlap with either the first or second band of wavelengths.   
     
     
         89 . The ink of  claim 87 , wherein the light emitting particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle,
 wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides enhanced emission at the first or second target color.   
     
     
         90 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein a mixture of color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         91 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein mixtures of color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         92 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein a mixture of color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         93 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein mixtures of color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         94 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein a mixture of color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a mixture of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         95 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein mixtures of color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from mixtures of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         96 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein at least one of the first or second color emitters comprises a mixture of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         97 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein mixtures of the first and second color emitters comprise mixtures of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         98 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein at least one of the first or second color emitters comprises:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is different from the first visible color.   
     
     
         99 . The ink of  claim 98 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         100 . The ink of  claim 99 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are primary colors. 
     
     
         101 . The ink of  claim 98 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         102 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein at least one of the first or second color emitters comprises:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is substantially the same color as the first visible color.   
     
     
         103 . The ink of  claim 102 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         104 . The ink of  claim 102 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         105 . The ink of  claim 104 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are at least two of the primary colors. 
     
     
         106 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a metallic structure disposed in relation to a nanoparticle emitter. 
     
     
         107 . The ink of  claim 106 , wherein the metallic structure comprises a metallic shell having at least one of a spherical shell, an oblate shell, a crescent shell, a multilayer shell, a star-shaped shell, a cone-shaped shell, or a rod-shaped shell. 
     
     
         108 . The ink of  claim 106 , wherein said metallic structure comprises at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or a combination or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         109 . The ink of  claim 106 , wherein the nanoparticle emitter comprises at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         110 . The ink of  claim 109 , wherein the nanoparticle emitter comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         111 . The ink of  claim 110 , wherein the dopant is included at a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration. 
     
     
         112 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a down converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 ; ZnS; ZnSe; MgS; CaS; Mn, Er ZnSe; Mn, Er MgS; Mn, Er CaS; Mn, Er ZnS; Mn, Yb ZnSe; Mn,Yb MgS; Mn, Yb CaS; Mn, Yb ZnS:Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Mn 2+ ; ZnS:Mn, Er 3+ . 
     
     
         113 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a dielectric up converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         114 . The ink of  claim 113 , wherein the dielectric up converter has a diameter ranging from at least one of 2-1000 nm, 2-100 nm, 2-50 nm, 2-20 nm, or 2-10 nm. 
     
     
         115 . The ink of  claim 113 , wherein:
 the dielectric up converter comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof; and   the dopant has a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration.   
     
     
         116 . The ink of  claim 113 , further comprising a metallic structure disposed in relation to the dielectric up converter, and the metallic structure includes at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         117 . The ink of  claim 113 , wherein the dielectric up converter is configured to exhibit visible emission upon interaction with NIR light. 
     
     
         118 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein the dye comprises a dye for an electronic display device. 
     
     
         119 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein the dye comprises a printing dye. 
     
     
         120 . The ink of  claim 84 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprise an upconverter including at least one of Tm 3+  doped flourozirconate glasses, LuPO 4 :Yb 3+ , Tm 3+ , and YbPO 4 :Er 3+  nanocrystals, tellurium and germanium oxides, tellurium and germanium oxides doped with at least one Tm, Yb, Ho, Er, or Pr, Yb 3+  doped BaZrO 3 , Nd 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+ , Yb 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+  and Ho 3+  co-doped -based ZrF 4  fluoride glasses, Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ -codoped TeO 2 —Ga 2 O 3 —R 2 O (R=Li, Na, K) glasses, and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition materials, and MLCT transition materials including [Ru(dmb) 3 ] 2+  (dmb=4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine). 
     
     
         121 . A light display comprising:
 at least one of a color filter or a color reflective surface;   color emitters included in the color filter or the color reflective surface, and including,   first color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to a light source, visible light at a target color in response to absorption of energy across a first band of wavelengths, and   second color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to the light source, visible light at the target color in response to absorption of energy across a second band of wavelengths, wherein   light intensity observable at the target color is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the first and second color emitters.   
     
     
         122 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein the first target color and the second target color are the same. 
     
     
         123 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein the first target color and the second target color are different. 
     
     
         124 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises light emitting particles having a diameter less than about 1000 nanometers. 
     
     
         125 . The display of  claim 124 , wherein the light emitting particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle,
 wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides enhanced emission at the target color.   
     
     
         126 . The display of  claim 124 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         127 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters is attached to dye molecule in a pixel of the display. 
     
     
         128 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a color emitting pixel element of the display. 
     
     
         129 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a color filter of the display. 
     
     
         130 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a color filter for a display of the display. 
     
     
         131 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a color surface of the display. 
     
     
         132 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a color reflective surface of the display. 
     
     
         133 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a color reflective surface in a pixel of the display. 
     
     
         134 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a white-light emitting pixel display element of the display. 
     
     
         135 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         136 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein mixtures of the first and second color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         137 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         138 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein mixtures of the first and second color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         139 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a mixture of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         140 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein mixtures of the first and second color emitters comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from mixtures of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         141 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a mixture of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         142 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein mixtures of the first and second color emitters comprise mixtures of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         143 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein at least one of the first or second color emitters comprises:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is different from the first visible color.   
     
     
         144 . The display of  claim 143 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         145 . The display of  claim 144 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are primary colors. 
     
     
         146 . The display of  claim 144 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         147 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein at least one of the first or second color emitters comprises:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is substantially the same color as the first visible color.   
     
     
         148 . The display of  claim 145 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         149 . The display of  claim 145 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         150 . The display of  claim 149 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are at least two of the primary colors. 
     
     
         151 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a metallic structure disposed in relation to a nanoparticle emitter. 
     
     
         152 . The display of  claim 151 , wherein the metallic structure comprises a metallic shell having at least one of a spherical shell, an oblate shell, a crescent shell, a multilayer shell, a star-shaped shell, a cone-shaped shell, or a rod-shaped shell. 
     
     
         153 . The display of  claim 151 , wherein said metallic structure comprises at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or a combination or alloys or layers thereof 
     
     
         154 . The display of  claim 151 , wherein the nanoparticle emitter comprises at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         155 . The display of  claim 154 , wherein the nanoparticle comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof 
     
     
         156 . The display of  claim 155 , wherein the dopant is included at a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration. 
     
     
         157 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a down converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 ; ZnS; ZnSe; MgS; CaS; Mn, Er ZnSe; Mn, Er MgS; Mn, Er CaS; Mn, Er ZnS; Mn, Yb ZnSe; Mn, Yb MgS; Mn, Yb CaS; Mn, Yb ZnS:Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Mn 2+ ; ZnS:Mn, Er 3+ . 
     
     
         158 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a dielectric up converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         159 . The display of  claim 158 , wherein the dielectric up converter has a diameter ranging from at least one of 2-1000 nm, 2-100 nm, 2-50 nm, 2-20 nm, or 2-10 nm. 
     
     
         160 . The display of  claim 158 , wherein:
 the dielectric up converter comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof; and   the dopant has a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration.   
     
     
         161 . The display of  claim 158 , further comprising a metallic structure disposed in relation to the dielectric up converter, and the metallic structure includes at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         162 . The display of  claim 158 , wherein the dielectric up converter is configured to exhibit visible emission upon interaction with NIR light. 
     
     
         163 . The display of  claim 121 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprise an upconverter including at least one of Tm 3+  doped flourozirconate glasses, LuPO 4 :Yb 3+ , Tm 3+ , and YbPO 4 :Er 3+  nanocrystals, tellurium and germanium oxides, tellurium and germanium oxides doped with at least one Tm, Yb, Ho, Er, or Pr, Yb 3+  doped BaZrO 3 , Nd 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+ , Yb 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+  and Ho 3+  co-doped -based ZrF 4  fluoride glasses, Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ -codoped TeO 2 —Ga 2 O 3 —R 2 O (R═Li, Na, K) glasses, and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition materials, and MLCT transition materials including [Ru(dmb) 3 ] 2+  (dmb=4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine). 
     
     
         164 . A protective coating for moderating UV light damage to an object exposed to UV light irradiation, comprising:
 a mixture of light scattering and light emitting particles configured, upon exposure to UV light, to   convert a first part of the UV light into visible light,   emit from the mixture a fraction of the visible light, and   reflect from the mixture a second part of the UV light such that said second part of the UV light is not absorbed by said object.   
     
     
         165 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein said light scattering and light emitting particles have a diameter less than about 1000 nanometers. 
     
     
         166 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle,
 wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides spectral overlap with the UV light.   
     
     
         167 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle,
 wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides enhanced emission at a color having an energy lower than the UV light.   
     
     
         168 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the mixture of particles comprises a component of a color filter. 
     
     
         169 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the mixture of particles comprises a component of a color filter for a picture. 
     
     
         170 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the mixture of particles comprises a component of a colored surface of at least one of a paint, an ink, a fabric, a thread, a road sign, a highway marking, an automobile, a boat, a plane, a reflector, a building product, a concrete product, an epoxy product, a jewelry product, colored contact lens, a candle product, a rubber product, a plastic product, or other colored surface. 
     
     
         171 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the mixture of particles comprises a component of a colored reflective surface. 
     
     
         172 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the mixture of particles comprises a paint component. 
     
     
         173 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the mixture of particles comprises a component disposed on glass beads in a retroreflective paint. 
     
     
         174 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the mixture of particles comprises a component of a binder layer securing glass beads in a retroreflective paint to a base paint. 
     
     
         175 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the mixture of particles comprises an ink component. 
     
     
         176 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the mixture of particles comprises at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         177 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein mixtures of the light scattering and light emitting particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         178 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the mixture of particles comprise fluorescent emitter including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         179 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein mixtures of the light scattering and light emitting particles comprise fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         180 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the particles comprises a metallic structure disposed in relation to a nanoparticle emitter. 
     
     
         181 . The coating of  claim 180 , wherein the metallic structure comprises a metallic shell having at least one of a spherical shell, an oblate shell, a crescent shell, a multilayer shell, a star-shaped shell, a cone-shaped shell, or a rod-shaped shell. 
     
     
         182 . The coating of  claim 180 , wherein said metallic structure comprises at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or a combination or alloys or layers thereof 
     
     
         183 . The coating of  claim 164 , wherein the particles comprise a down converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 ; ZnS; ZnSe; MgS; CaS; Mn, Er ZnSe; Mn, Er MgS; Mn, Er CaS; Mn, Er ZnS; Mn, Yb ZnSe; Mn, Yb MgS; Mn, Yb CaS; Mn, Yb ZnS:Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ , Er3 + ; ZnS:Mn 2+ ; ZnS:Mn, Er 3+ . 
     
     
         184 . A light emitting composition comprising:
 first color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source at an energy higher than or lower than the visible light spectrum, visible light at a first target color;   second color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to the energy source, visible light at a second target color, wherein   light intensity observable at the first and second target colors is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the first and second color emitters.   
     
     
         185 . The composition of  claim 184 , wherein the first target color and the second target color are the same. 
     
     
         186 . The composition of  claim 184 , wherein the first target color and the second target color are different. 
     
     
         187 . The composition of  claim 184 , wherein the first color emitters are configured to emit upon exposure to at least one of ultraviolet light, x-rays, and high energy particles. 
     
     
         188 . The composition of  claim 184 , wherein the first color emitters are configured to emit upon exposure to at least one of near infrared, infrared, and microwave irradiation. 
     
     
         189 . The composition of  claim 184 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises light emitting particles having a diameter less than about 1000 nanometers. 
     
     
         190 . The composition of  claim 189 , wherein the light emitting particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle,
 wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides spectral overlap with either the energy of the energy source.   
     
     
         191 . The composition of  claim 189 , wherein the light emitting particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle,
 wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides enhanced emission at the first or second target color.   
     
     
         192 . The composition of  claim 184 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a colored surface of at least one of a paint, an ink, a fabric, a thread, a road sign, a highway marking, an automobile, a boat, a plane, a reflector, a building product, a concrete product, an epoxy product, a jewelry product, colored contact lens, a candle product, a rubber product, a plastic product, or other colored surface. 
     
     
         193 . The composition of  claim 184 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a component of a white-light emitting pixel display element. 
     
     
         194 . The composition of  claim 184 , wherein a mixture of the first and second color emitters comprises a mixture of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         195 . The composition of  claim 184 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a down converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 ; ZnS; ZnSe; MgS; CaS; Mn, Er ZnSe; Mn, Er MgS; Mn, Er CaS; Mn, Er ZnS; Mn, Yb ZnSe; Mn, Yb MgS; Mn, Yb CaS; Mn, Yb ZnS:Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Mn 2+ ; ZnS:Mn, Er 3+ . 
     
     
         196 . The composition of  claim 184 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises an up converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         197 . The composition of  claim 184 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprise an upconverter including at least one of Tm 3+  doped flourozirconate glasses, LuPO 4 :Yb 3+ , Tm 3+ , and YbPO 4 :Er 3+  nanocrystals, tellurium and germanium oxides, tellurium and germanium oxides doped with at least one Tm, Yb, Ho, Er, or Pr, Yb 3+  doped BaZrO 3 , Nd 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+ , Yb 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+  and Ho 3+  co-doped -based ZrF 4  fluoride glasses, Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ -codoped TeO 2 —Ga 2 O 3 —R 2 O (R═Li, Na, K) glasses, and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition materials, and MLCT transition materials including [Ru(dmb) 3 ] 2 + (dmb=4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine). 
     
     
         198 . A light emitting composition comprising:
 first color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source, visible light at a first target color in response to absorption of energy at a first band of wavelengths;   second color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to the energy source, visible light at a second target color offset from said first target color in response to absorption of energy at the first band of wavelengths, wherein   light intensity observable at the first and second target colors is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the first and second color emitters.   
     
     
         199 . The composition of  claim 198 , wherein the offset comprises an offset of 10 nm in the wavelength of the target color to change the chromaticity of the target color. 
     
     
         200 . The composition of  claim 198 , wherein the offset comprises an offset of 20 nm in the wavelength of the target color to change the chromaticity of the target color. 
     
     
         201 . The composition of  claim 198 , wherein the offset comprises an offset of 30 nm in the wavelength of the target color to change the chromaticity of the target color. 
     
     
         202 . The composition of  claim 198 , wherein the offset comprises an offset of 100 nm in the wavelength of the target color to change the saturation of the target color. 
     
     
         203 . The composition of  claim 198 , wherein the offset comprises an offset of 200 nm in the wavelength of the target color to change the saturation of the target color. 
     
     
         204 . The composition of  claim 198 , wherein the offset comprises an offset of 300 nm in the wavelength of the target color to change the saturation of the target color. 
     
     
         205 . A cosmetic product comprising:
 color emitters including,   first color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source, visible light at a first target color in response to absorption of energy across a first band of wavelengths   second color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to the energy source, visible light at a second target color in response to absorption of energy across a second band of wavelengths, wherein   light intensity observable at the first and second target colors is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the first and second color emitters.   
     
     
         206 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein the first target color and the second target color are the same. 
     
     
         207 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein the first target color and the second target color are different. 
     
     
         208 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprise light emitting particles having a diameter less than about 1000 nanometers. 
     
     
         209 . The product of  claim 208 , wherein the light emitting particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle,
 wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides spectral overlap with either the first or second band of wavelengths.   
     
     
         210 . The product of  claim 208 , wherein the light emitting particles comprise a particle having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle,
 wherein a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides enhanced emission at the first or second target color.   
     
     
         211 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein the color emitters comprise a component disposed on glass beads in a retroreflective cosmetic. 
     
     
         212 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein the color emitters comprise a component of a base layer securing glass beads in a retroreflective cosmetic. 
     
     
         213 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein the color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         214 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein mixtures of the color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         215 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein the color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         216 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein mixtures of the color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         217 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein the color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a mixture of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         218 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein mixtures of the color emitters comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from mixtures of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         219 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein the color emitters comprise at least one fluorescent emitter including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         220 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein mixtures of the color emitters comprise fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         221 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein at least one of the first or second color emitters comprises:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is different from the first visible color.   
     
     
         222 . The product of  claim 221 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         223 . The product of  claim 222 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are primary colors. 
     
     
         224 . The product of  claim 221 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         225 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein at least one of the first or second color emitters comprises:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is substantially the same color as the first visible color.   
     
     
         226 . The product of  claim 225 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         227 . The product of  claim 225 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         228 . The product of  claim 227 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are at least two of the primary colors. 
     
     
         229 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein color emitters comprises a metallic structure disposed in relation to a nanoparticle emitter. 
     
     
         230 . The product of  claim 229 , wherein the metallic structure comprises a metallic shell having at least one of a spherical shell, an oblate shell, a crescent shell, a multilayer shell, a star-shaped shell, a cone-shaped shell, or a rod-shaped shell. 
     
     
         231 . The product of  claim 229 , wherein said metallic structure comprises at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or a combination or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         232 . The product of  claim 229 , wherein the nanoparticle emitter comprises at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         233 . The product of  claim 232 , wherein the nanoparticle emitter comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         234 . The product of  claim 233 , wherein the dopant is included at a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration. 
     
     
         235 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a down converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 ; ZnS; ZnSe; MgS; CaS; Mn, Er ZnSe; Mn, Er MgS; Mn, Er CaS; Mn, Er ZnS; Mn, Yb ZnSe; Mn, Yb MgS; Mn, Yb CaS; Mn, Yb ZnS:Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Mn 2+ ; ZnS:Mn, Er 3+ . 
     
     
         236 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprises a dielectric up converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         237 . The product of  claim 236 , wherein the dielectric up converter has a diameter ranging from at least one of 2-1000 nm, 2-100 nm, 2-50 nm, 2-20 nm, or 2-10 nm. 
     
     
         238 . The product of  claim 236 , wherein:
 the dielectric up converter comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof; and   the dopant has a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration.   
     
     
         239 . The product of  claim 236 , further comprising a metallic structure disposed in relation to the dielectric up converter, and the metallic structure includes at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         240 . The product of  claim 236 , wherein the dielectric up converter is configured to exhibit visible emission upon interaction with NIR light. 
     
     
         241 . The product of  claim 205 , wherein at least one of the first and second color emitters comprise an upconverter including at least one of Tm 3+  doped flourozirconate glasses, LuPO 4 :Yb 3+ , Tm 3+ , and YbPO 4 :Er 3+  nanocrystals, tellurium and germanium oxides, tellurium and germanium oxides doped with at least one Tm, Yb, Ho, Er, or Pr, Yb 3+  doped BaZrO 3 , Nd 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+ , Yb 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+  and Ho 3+  co-doped -based ZrF 4  fluoride glasses, Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ -codoped TeO 2 —Ga 2 O 3 —R 2 O (R═Li, Na, K) glasses, and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition materials, and MLCT transition materials including [Ru(dmb) 3 ] 2+  (dmb=4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine). 
     
     
         242 . The product of  claim 205 , further comprising:
 a skin cream having the color emitters.   
     
     
         243 . The product of  claim 205 , further comprising:
 a mascara having the color emitters.   
     
     
         244 . The product of  claim 205 , further comprising:
 at least one of a shampoo, hair conditioner, hair gel, hair styling compound, hair spray, and hair cream having the color emitters.   
     
     
         245 . The product of  claim 205 , further comprising:
 a lip balm having the color emitters.   
     
     
         246 . The product of  claim 205 , further comprising:
 a blush having the color emitters.   
     
     
         247 . A cosmetic product for moderating UV light damage to skin exposed to UV light irradiation, comprising:
 a mixture of light scattering and light emitting particles configured, upon exposure to UV light, to   convert a first part of the UV light into visible light,   emit from the mixture a fraction of the visible light, and   reflect from the mixture a second part of the UV light such that said second part of the UV light is not absorbed by said skin.   
     
     
         248 . A cosmetic product for moderating UV light damage to hair exposed to UV light irradiation, comprising:
 a mixture of light scattering and light emitting particles configured, upon exposure to UV light, to   convert a first part of the UV light into visible light,   emit from the mixture a fraction of the visible light, and   reflect from the mixture a second part of the UV light such that said second part of the UV light is not absorbed by said hair.   
     
     
         249 . A light emitting composition comprising:
 color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source, visible light at a target color in response to absorption of said energy at a first wavelength λ 1 ;   wherein   the color emitters are at least one of up converters or down converters producing the target color which is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the color emitter,   the color emitters comprise light emitting particles having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle, and   a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides spectral overlap with the first wavelength λ 1 .   
     
     
         250 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the light emitting particles having a diameter less than about 1000 nanometers. 
     
     
         251 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the color emitters produce the target color from a band of energy about the first wavelength λ 1 . 
     
     
         252 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides enhanced emission at the target color. 
     
     
         253 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles are included with dye molecules for a display. 
     
     
         254 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise a component of a color emitting pixel display element. 
     
     
         255 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise a component of a color filter. 
     
     
         256 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise a component of a color filter for a display. 
     
     
         257 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise a component of a colored surface of at least one of a paint, an ink, a fabric, a thread, a road sign, a highway marking, an automobile, a boat, a plane, a reflector, a building product, a concrete product, an epoxy product, a jewelry product, colored contact lens, a candle product, a rubber product, a plastic product, or other colored surface. 
     
     
         258 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise a component of a colored reflective surface. 
     
     
         259 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise a component of a colored reflective surface in a pixel for a display. 
     
     
         260 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise a component of a white-light emitting pixel display element. 
     
     
         261 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise a paint component. 
     
     
         262 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise a component disposed on glass beads in a retroreflective paint. 
     
     
         263 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise a component of a binder layer securing glass beads in a retroreflective paint to a base paint. 
     
     
         264 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise comprises an ink component. 
     
     
         265 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein a mixture of the particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         266 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein mixtures of the particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         267 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein a mixture of the particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         268 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein mixtures of the particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         269 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein a mixture of the particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a mixture of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         270 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein mixtures of the particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from mixtures of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         271 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein a mixture of the particles comprises a mixture of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         272 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein mixtures of the particles comprises mixtures of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         273 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is different from the first visible color.   
     
     
         274 . The composition of  claim 273 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         275 . The composition of  claim 274 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are primary colors. 
     
     
         276 . The composition of  claim 273 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         277 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the particles comprise:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is substantially the same color as the first visible color.   
     
     
         278 . The composition of  claim 277 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         279 . The composition of  claim 277 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         280 . The composition of  claim 279 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are at least two of the primary colors. 
     
     
         281 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein the metallic structure is disposed in relation to a nanoparticle emitter. 
     
     
         282 . The composition of  claim 281 , wherein the metallic structure comprises a metallic shell having at least one of a spherical shell, an oblate shell, a crescent shell, a multilayer shell, a star-shaped shell, a cone-shaped shell, or a rod-shaped shell. 
     
     
         283 . The composition of  claim 282 , wherein said metallic structure comprises at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or a combination or alloys or layers thereof 
     
     
         284 . The composition of  claim 281 , wherein the nanoparticle emitter comprises at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         285 . The composition of  claim 284 , wherein the nanoparticle comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof 
     
     
         286 . The composition of  claim 285 , wherein the dopant is included at a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration. 
     
     
         287 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein said down converter comprises at least one of Y 2 O 3 ; ZnS; ZnSe; MgS; CaS; Mn, Er ZnSe; Mn, Er MgS; Mn, Er CaS; Mn, Er ZnS; Mn, Yb ZnSe; Mn, Yb MgS; Mn, Yb CaS; Mn, Yb ZnS:Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ , Er3 + ; ZnS:Mn 2+ ; ZnS:Mn, Er 3+ . 
     
     
         288 . The composition of  claim 249 , wherein said up converter comprises a dielectric up converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         289 . The composition of  claim 288 , wherein the dielectric up converter has a diameter ranging from at least one of 2-1000 nm, 2-100 nm, 2-50 nm, 2-20 nm, or 2-10 nm. 
     
     
         290 . The composition of  claim 288 , wherein:
 the dielectric up converter comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof; and   the dopant has a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration.   
     
     
         291 . The composition of  claim 288 , wherein the metallic structure comprises at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         292 . The composition of  claim 288 , wherein the dielectric up converter is configured to exhibit visible emission upon interaction with NIR light. 
     
     
         293 . The composition of  claim 288 , wherein the upconverter comprises at least one of Tm 3+  doped flourozirconate glasses, LuPO 4 :Yb 3+ , Tm 3+ , and YbPO 4 :Er 3+  nanocrystals, tellurium and germanium oxides, tellurium and germanium oxides doped with at least one Tm, Yb, Ho, Er, or Pr, Yb 3+  doped BaZrO 3 , Nd 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+ , Yb 3+ :Cs 2 NsGdCl 6 , Nd 3+  and Ho 3+  co-doped -based ZrF 4  fluoride glasses, Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ -codoped TeO 2 —Ga 2 O 3 —R 2 O (R═Li, Na, K) glasses, and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition materials, and MLCT transition materials including [Ru(dmb) 3 ] 2+  (dmb=4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine). 
     
     
         294 . A cosmetic product comprising:
 color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source, visible light at a target color in response to absorption of said energy at a first wavelength λ 1 ;   wherein   the color emitters are at least one of up converters or down converters producing the target color which is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the color emitter,   the color emitters comprise light emitting particles having a metallic structure disposed in relation to the particle, and   a physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides spectral overlap with the first wavelength λ 1 .   
     
     
         295 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein the light emitting particles having a diameter less than about 1000 nanometers. 
     
     
         296 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein the color emitters produce the target color from a band of energy about the first wavelength λ 1 . 
     
     
         297 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein the physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides enhanced emission at the target color. 
     
     
         298 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein the color emitters comprise a component disposed on glass beads in a retroreflective cosmetic. 
     
     
         299 . The product of  claim 289 , wherein the color emitters comprise a component of a base layer securing glass beads in a retroreflective cosmetic. 
     
     
         300 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein a mixture of the particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         301 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein mixtures of the particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from an up conversion process. 
     
     
         302 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein a mixture of the particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         303 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein mixtures of the particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a down conversion process. 
     
     
         304 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein a mixture of the particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from a mixture of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         305 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein mixtures of the particles comprise at least one of red, blue, and green emitters configured to produce red, blue, and green emissions from mixtures of up converters and down converters. 
     
     
         306 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein a mixture of the particles comprises a mixture of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         307 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein mixtures of the particles comprises mixtures of fluorescent emitters including at least one of europium, terbium, cerium, and erbium or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         308 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein the particles comprise:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is different from the first visible color.   
     
     
         309 . The product of  claim 308 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         310 . The product of  claim 309 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are primary colors. 
     
     
         311 . The product of  claim 308 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         312 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein the particles comprise:
 a first material configured to emit a first visible color in response to absorption of ultraviolet light; and   a second material configured to emit a second visible color in response to absorption of infrared light, wherein the second visible color is substantially the same color as the first visible color.   
     
     
         313 . The product of  claim 312 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the ultraviolet light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         314 . The product of  claim 312 , further comprising a third material configured to emit a third visible color in response to absorption of the infrared light, wherein the third visible color is different from the first visible color and the second visible color. 
     
     
         315 . The product of  claim 314 , wherein the first visible color, the second visible color, and the third visible color are at least two of the primary colors. 
     
     
         316 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein the metallic structure is disposed in relation to a nanoparticle emitter. 
     
     
         317 . The product of  claim 316 , wherein the metallic structure comprises a metallic shell having at least one of a spherical shell, an oblate shell, a crescent shell, a multilayer shell, a star-shaped shell, a cone-shaped shell, or a rod-shaped shell. 
     
     
         318 . The product of  claim 316 , wherein said metallic structure comprises at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or a combination or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         319 . The product of  claim 316 , wherein the nanoparticle emitter comprises at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         320 . The product of  claim 319 , wherein the nanoparticle comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         321 . The product of  claim 320 , wherein the dopant is included at a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration. 
     
     
         322 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein said down converter comprises at least one of Y 2 O 3 ; ZnS; ZnSe; MgS; CaS; Mn, Er ZnSe; Mn, Er MgS; Mn, Er CaS; Mn, Er ZnS; Mn, Yb ZnSe; Mn, Yb MgS; Mn, Yb CaS; Mn, Yb ZnS:Tb 3+ , Er 3+ ; ZnS:Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ ; Y 2 O 3 :Tb 3+ , Er3 + ; ZnS:Mn 2+ ; ZnS:Mn, Er 3+ . 
     
     
         323 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein said up converter comprises a dielectric up converter including at least one of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, NaYF 4 , NaYbF 4 , YAG, YAP, Nd 2 O 3 , LaF 3 , LaCl 3 , La 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , LuPO 4 , YVO 4 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , Na-doped YbF 3 , or SiO 2  or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         324 . The product of  claim 323 , wherein the dielectric up converter has a diameter ranging from at least one of 2-1000 nm, 2-100 nm, 2-50 nm, 2-20 nm, or 2-10 nm. 
     
     
         325 . The product of  claim 323 , wherein:
 the dielectric up converter comprises a dopant including at least one of Er, Eu, Yb, Tm, Nd, Tb, Ce, Y, U, Pr, La, Gd and other rare-earth species or a combination thereof; and   the dopant has a concentration of 0.01%-50% by mol concentration.   
     
     
         326 . The product of  claim 323 , wherein the metallic structure comprises at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Pt, Pd, Co, Ru, Rh, Al, Ga, or alloys or layers thereof. 
     
     
         327 . The product of  claim 323 , wherein the dielectric up converter is configured to exhibit visible emission upon interaction with NIR light. 
     
     
         328 . The product of  claim 294 , wherein the upconverter comprises at least one of Tm 3+  doped flourozirconate glasses, LuPO 4 :Yb 3+ , Tm 3+ , and YbPO 4 :Er 3+  nanocrystals, tellurium and germanium oxides, tellurium and germanium oxides doped with at least one Tm, Yb, Ho, Er, or Pr, Yb 3+  doped BaZrO 3 , Nd 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+ , Yb 3+ :Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 , Nd 3+  and Ho 3+  co-doped-based ZrF 4  fluoride glasses, Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ -codoped TeO 2 —Ga 2 O 3 —R 2 O (R═Li, Na, K) glasses, and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition materials, and MLCT transition materials including [Ru(dmb) 3 ] 2+  (dmb═4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine). 
     
     
         329 . A method for enhancing visible light emission from a surface, comprising:
 providing on the surface a mixture of color emitters, said mixture including first color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source, visible light at a first target color in response to absorption of energy across a first band of wavelengths and including second color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to the energy source, visible light at a second target color in response to absorption of energy across a second band of wavelengths, wherein light intensity observable at the first and second target colors is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the first and second color emitters;   exposing the first and second color emitters to an energy source; and   emitting said visible light at at least one of the first and second target colors by conversion of a part of said energy into said visible light.   
     
     
         330 . The method of  claim 329 , wherein the emitting said visible light comprises emitting the same first and second target color. 
     
     
         331 . The method of  claim 329 , wherein the emitting said visible light comprises emitting different first and second target colors. 
     
     
         332 . The method of  claim 329 , wherein the providing comprises providing the mixture of color emitters on at least one of a paint, an ink, a fabric, a thread, a road sign, a highway marking, an automobile, a boat, a plane, a reflector, a building product, a concrete product, an epoxy product, a jewelry product, colored contact lens, a candle product, a rubber product, a plastic product, or other colored surface. 
     
     
         333 . A method for enhancing visible light emission from a paint, comprising:
 providing in the paint or in a vicinity of a surface of the paint a mixture of color emitters, said mixture including first color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source, visible light at a first target color in response to absorption of energy across a first band of wavelengths and including second color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to the energy source, visible light at a second target color in response to absorption of energy across a second band of wavelengths, wherein light intensity observable at the first and second target colors is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the first and second color emitters;   exposing the first and second color emitters to an energy source; and   emitting said visible light at at least one of the first and second target colors by conversion of a part of said energy into said visible light.   
     
     
         334 . The method of  claim 333 , wherein the emitting said visible light comprises emitting the same first and second target color. 
     
     
         335 . The method of  claim 333 , wherein the emitting said visible light comprises emitting different first and second target colors. 
     
     
         336 . A method for enhancing visible light emission from an ink, comprising:
 providing in the ink a mixture of color emitters, said mixture including first color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source, visible light at a first target color in response to absorption of energy across a first band of wavelengths and including second color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to the energy source, visible light at a second target color in response to absorption of energy across a second band of wavelengths, wherein light intensity observable at the first and second target colors is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the first and second color emitters;   exposing the first and second color emitters to an energy source; and   emitting said visible light at at least one of the first and second target colors by conversion of a part of said energy into said visible light.   
     
     
         337 . The method of  claim 336 , wherein the emitting said visible light comprises emitting the same first and second target color. 
     
     
         338 . The method of  claim 336 , wherein the emitting said visible light comprises emitting different first and second target colors. 
     
     
         339 . A method for enhancing visible light emission from a display, comprising:
 providing on a color filter or a color reflective surface of the display a mixture of color emitters, said mixture including first color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to an energy source, visible light at a first target color in response to absorption of energy across a first band of wavelengths and including second color emitters configured to emit, upon exposure to the energy source, visible light at a second target color in response to absorption of energy across a second band of wavelengths, wherein light intensity observable at the first and second target colors is enhanced relative to reflected white light without emission from the first and second color emitters;   exposing the first and second color emitters to an energy source; and   emitting said visible light at at least one of the first and second target colors by conversion of a part of said energy into said visible light.   
     
     
         340 . The method of  claim 339 , wherein the emitting said visible light comprises emitting the same first and second target color. 
     
     
         341 . The method of  claim 339 , wherein the emitting said visible light comprises emitting different first and second target colors.