Element removal process and apparatus

Abstract

A process and apparatus for removing elements is described herein.

1 . An apparatus for removing elements from a fluid, comprising:
 a. a pipe including an inlet port and an outlet port to permit fluid flow through the pipe; and   b. a plurality of iron fibers having a zero valence state, the plurality of metal fibers being packed into the pipe at a density D sufficient to react with elements in the fluid flow through the porous bag.   
     
     
         2 . The apparatus of  claim 1 , wherein the plurality of iron fibers are an isotropic mass. 
     
     
         3 . The apparatus of  claim 2 , wherein the mass of iron fibers further comprise an irregular cross-section and a rough outer surface with a plurality of projections and fissures formed on the rough outer surface. 
     
     
         4 . The apparatus of  claim 3 , wherein the rough surface area of the mass metal fibers reduces the plurality of elements in the fluid flow. 
     
     
         5 . The apparatus of  claim 4 , wherein the average cross-sectional diameter d of the metal fibers range between about 10 and 500 microns. 
     
     
         6 . The apparatus of  claim 5 , wherein the plurality of elements comprises selenium ions selected from the group consisting of selenate ions and selenite ions. 
     
     
         7 . The apparatus of  claim 6 , wherein the porous bag further comprises a plurality of lift straps, a porous bag wall material, and a porous bottom. 
     
     
         8 . The apparatus of  claim 7 , wherein the density D is within the range of about 1 lb/ft 3  to about 50 lb/ft 3 . 
     
     
         9 . The apparatus of  claim 8 , wherein the porous bag further comprises a plurality of porous bag layers. 
     
     
         10 . The apparatus of  claim 9 , wherein the plurality of porous bag layers include a first porous bag layer and a second porous bag layer, wherein the first porous bag layer includes a packing of metal fibers at a first density D and the second porous bag layer includes a packing of metal fibers at a second density D, wherein the first density D is different than the second density D and the first porous bag layer is in position to the second porous bag layer. 
     
     
         11 . The apparatus of  claim 10 , wherein the first porous bag layer includes the metal fibers comprising a first average cross-sectional diameter d and the second porous bag layer includes the metal fibers comprising a second average cross-sectional diameter d, whereby the first average cross-sectional diameter d is different than the second average cross-sectional diameter. 
     
     
         12 . A process for removing metal elements from a fluid comprising:
 a. passing a fluid comprising a plurality of metal elements to be removed through a plurality of packed zero valent iron fibers having a packing density D and an average cross-sectional diameter d; and   b. reacting the plurality of metal elements with the plurality of packed zero valent iron fibers.   
     
     
         13 . The process of  claim 12 , wherein the metal fibers comprise zero valent iron. 
     
     
         14 . The process of  claim 13 , wherein the reacting step further comprises the step of reducing the plurality of metal elements in the fluid with the plurality of packed zero valent metal fibers and retaining reduced metal elements within the plurality of packed zero valent metal fibers. 
     
     
         15 . The process of  claim 14 , wherein the reduced metal elements are selected from the group consisting of selenium, selenate and selenite. 
     
     
         16 . The process of  claim 15 , wherein the packing density D in the passing step further comprises a packing density D between about 1 lb/ft 3  and 50 lb/ft 3 . 
     
     
         17 . The process of  claim 16 , wherein the average cross-sectional diameter d of the metal fibers range between about 10 and 500 microns. 
     
     
         18 . The process of  claim 17 , wherein the porous bag further comprises a plurality of porous bag layers including a density D of the zero valent iron packings. 
     
     
         19 . The process of  claim 18 , wherein the plurality of porous bag layers include a first porous bag layer and a second porous bag layer each containing a plurality of packed zero valent metal fibers, wherein the first porous bag layer includes a plurality of packed zero valent metal fibers having a different packing density D from the packing density D of the plurality packed zero valent metal fibers in the second porous bag layer. 
     
     
         20 . The process of  claim 19 , wherein the first porous bag layer includes metal fibers comprising a first average cross-sectional diameter d and the second porous bag layer includes metal fibers comprising a second average cross-sectional diameter d, whereby the first average cross-sectional diameter d is different than the second average cross-sectional diameter.