US2011283705A1PendingUtilityA1
EXPLO-DYNAMICS™: a method, system, and apparatus for the containment and conversion of explosive force into a usable energy resource
Est. expiryJul 24, 2026(expired)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
Inventors:Troy Oliver
F42D 3/00Y02E50/30
33
PatentIndex Score
0
Cited by
0
References
0
Claims
Abstract
Methods, systems, and apparatus for generating energy from a process contained series of explosion cycles is provided. The Explo-Dynamics™ energy generating system includes several embodiments for stimulating the heat and pressure release episodes of the process configurations and translating the released forces into torque, thrust, motive force, and/or super-heat impulses. The methods and systems of the present invention include a comprehensive arrangement of process configurations and components as well as a means of operation.
Claims
exact text as granted — not AI-modified1 . A method of generating energy from a series of process contained explosive reactions, wherein the energy generating system comprises one or more: ignition chamber mechanism for containing and controlling said reactions; a fuel injection mechanism; an air and/or oxidizer injection mechanism, an ignition mechanism;
an injection portal check valve mechanism; a blast outlet pressure relief mechanism; a reaction chamber mechanism; a process control system; and one or more embodiments for transforming explosion release episode into a stable output of energy, wherein said energy generating system, a series of explosion cycles are propagated and stimulated to deliver an output force of heat and pressure, which is thereby transformed into torque or thrust for the purpose of generating electricity and/or providing motive force to a vehicle or a process generally described in FIG. A.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the fuel source for supporting said explosive reaction comprises a concentration of ignitable nano-particles and micro-particles and/or ignitable aerosol droplets and/or combustible gas, which is mixed and suspended in a turbulent airborne fuel cloud within said energy generating system for the purpose of propagating an explosion of said fuel cloud.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the ignition mechanism for initiating said explosive reaction (FIG. M) comprises one or more of the following: an electrical spark; a laser pulse; a jet tube; the compression force of a piston; the compression force of an explosion shockwave; the compression force of a decreasing annular void; a converging explosion-induced air or gas jet; a chemical reaction; and/or residual heat from a previous explosion cycle.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the Ignition Chamber mechanism, and/or the Reaction Chamber mechanism, for containing and controlling said explosive reaction is comprised as a tubular or cylindrical metal chamber with one or more inlet and outlet portals.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the Ignition Chamber mechanism and/or the Reaction Chamber mechanism is comprised with one or more fixed or removable spherical, circular, or conical end cap structures for the purpose of reflecting, focusing, and intensifying said explosion shockwaves, turbulence, and adiabatic influence.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the Ignition Chamber mechanism, and/or the Reaction Chamber mechanism, is comprised with one or more coils of metal tube or bar placed circumferentially inside the Ignition Chamber for the purpose of inducing additional obstacle-based turbulence to an explosion reaction contained in, or passing through, said chamber/s.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the Ignition Chamber mechanism, and/or the Reaction Chamber mechanism, is comprised with one or more internal annular orifice focusing rings for the purpose of inducing additional obstacle-based turbulence to an explosion reaction contained in, or passing through, said chamber/s.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the Ignition Chamber mechanism, and/or the Reaction Chamber mechanism, is comprised with one or more parabolic focusing walls or end cap structures whereupon the explosion's shockwave forces an adiabatic shock reflection episode to occur upon an imploding air/fuel pocket, which has been adiabatically forced into the confines of the parabolic structure and is thus overcome by the ensuing flame-front of the explosion's propagation, which influences an acceleration of the violence and turbulence of the explosion event and the amount of heat generated by the explosion episode.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the Ignition Chamber mechanism, and/or the Reaction Chamber mechanism, is comprised with one or more internally positioned parabolic structures, to contain, concentrate, and reflect an explosion episode's shockwave and flame-front.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said energy generating system and is configured into one or more embodiments based upon the application of the energy produced by said explosion event in one or more arrangements as generally described in FIG. A and are comprised by the direct heat, direct pressure, indirect heat; and/or indirect pressure mechanisms of an explosion cycle and/or combined variations of these embodiments.
11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein said energy generating system is comprised in one or more embodiments, as generally described in FIGS. B- 1 , C- 1 thru C- 4 , and E, and is based upon using the direct heat energy produced by said explosion event to influence a direct heat-to-fluid reaction resulting in a littoral explosion impulse of steam pressure.
12 . The method of claim 10 , wherein said energy generating system is comprised in one or more embodiments, as generally described in FIGS. B- 5 and P and is based upon using the indirect heat energy produced by said explosion event to supply thermal energy to a boiler and/or an external combustion engine and/or any other heat or heat-to-energy process.
13 . The method of claim 10 , wherein said energy generating system is comprised in one or more embodiments, as generally described in FIGS. B- 2 , G- 1 thru G- 6 , H- 1 thru H- 2 , J, and L, and is based upon using the direct pressure produced by said explosion event to provide thrust to a piston and/or thrust to a turbine and/or Thrust Translator components for energy production purposes.
14 . The method of claim 10 , wherein said energy generating system is comprised in one or more embodiments, as generally described in FIGS. B- 3 , B- 4 , D, F, and I, and is based upon using the indirect pressure produced when an explosion's pressure and heat discharge meets a body of fluid within the process system causing an episode of fluid displacement as the fluid is propelled away from the blast force by the pressure and generated steam pressure wave of the quench front creating a second episode of fluid displacement, which also propels fluid volume forward initially and then, as condensation ensues, a vacuum phase draws fluid from the cavitation reaction of the imploding steam bubbles and thereby recharges the fluid reservoir with the vacuum induced water hammer effect of the fluids being drawn in to fill the cavitated voids thus providing for a flow of process fluids.
15 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system utilizes the negative phase of an induced explosion episode (or post explosion vacuum phase), which draws fuel, air, and/or other explosion supporting and/or propagating substances into the Ignition and/or Reaction Chamber/s to facilitate the initiation of another explosion event cycle.
16 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said Ignition Chamber mechanism and/or the Reaction Chamber mechanism is comprised with one or more injection portals, whereas an applied pneumatic or mechanical force is used to thrust and propel an airborne concentration comprising one or more substances (including dust or suspended particles, air, oxygen, oxidizing substances, gas, vapor, and/or aerosol) through a pipe, hose, valve body, portal orifice, or other passageway into said Ignition Chamber and/or Reaction Chamber.
17 . The method of claim 14 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system comprises arrangements with or without pressure relief and/or check valve mechanisms (FIG. I).
18 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system comprises one or more adjustable check valve mechanisms, which are used within the system's fluid and/or gas flow processing network to obtain the desired flow pattern and to assure that maximum efficiency is maintained throughout the process operations.
19 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system's pressure relief and check valve mechanisms are comprised as being mechanically or automatically actuated via the process control system by an electrical, magnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic, or other such mechanically actuated artificial or natural means or mechanism, which will operate to vent the fluid/gas pressure and thermal release episodes at the appropriate pressure moment in each explosion cycle.
20 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system comprises one or more adjustable relief pressure valve mechanisms, which are used within the system's Ignition Chamber and/or Reaction Chamber to relieve explosion pressures and obtain the appropriate measure of backpressure resistance.
21 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises a pulverized coal dust (including bituminous, sub-bituminous, anthracite, lignite and peat grades, Powder River Basin coals, brown coal, coal slurry, hydrocarbon fines, etc.), which is suspended in an airborne cloud within said energy generating system and thus ignited into a repetitive series of explosion cycles for the purposes energy and/or motive force.
22 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises pulverized grain dust (including corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, seed, nuts, hulls, etc.), which is suspended in an airborne cloud within said energy generating system and thus ignited into a repetitive series of explosion cycles for the purposes energy and/or motive force.
23 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises a pulverized biomass or vegetative dusts (including alfalfa, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, potato, cork, peels, shells, cellulosic matter, grass, biological matter, fungi, aquatic plant life and algae, etc.), which is suspended in an airborne cloud within said energy generating system and thus ignited into a repetitive series of explosion cycles for the purposes energy and/or motive force.
24 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises pulverized foodstuff dusts (including sugar, starch, flour, spices, malt, cereal, soy protein, etc.), which is suspended in an airborne cloud within said energy generating system and thus ignited into a repetitive series of explosion cycles for the purposes energy and/or motive force.
25 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises pulverized agricultural by-product/waste (including corncob, wheat straw, animal meal, manure, etc.), which is suspended in an airborne cloud within said energy generating system and thus ignited into a repetitive series of explosion cycles for the purposes energy and/or motive force.
26 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises pulverized wood and/or paper dust particles (including, sawdust, bark, pulp, leaves, mulch, etc.), which is suspended in an airborne cloud within said energy generating system and thus ignited into a repetitive series of explosion cycles for the purposes energy and/or motive force.
27 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises pulverized plastic dust particles (including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polystyrene, poly vinyl chloride [PVC], epoxy, etc.), which is suspended in an airborne cloud within said energy generating system and thus ignited into a repetitive series of explosion cycles for the purposes energy and/or motive force.
28 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises pulverized metal particle dust (including aluminum, magnesium, zinc, boron, tin, iron, silicon, etc.), which is suspended in an airborne cloud within said energy generating system and thus ignited into a repetitive series of explosion cycles for the purposes energy and/or motive force.
29 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises pulverized textile fiber and/or particle dusts (including cotton, rayon, nylon, etc.), which is suspended in an airborne cloud within said energy generating system and thus ignited into a repetitive series of explosion cycles for the purposes energy and/or motive force.
30 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises pulverized chemical dust particles (including cellulose acetate, ethyl acetate, etc.), which is suspended in an airborne cloud within said energy generating system and thus ignited into a repetitive series of explosion cycles for the purposes energy and/or motive force.
31 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises pulverized non-typical mineral and/or rock dusts (including coal-shale, oil-shale, tar sands, peats, petroleum solids, petrochemical and/or oil and gas products or byproducts, etc.), which is suspended in an airborne cloud within said energy generating system and thus ignited into a repetitive series of explosion cycles for the purposes energy and/or motive force.
32 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises pulverized waste material particle dusts (including solid waste, municipal waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, shock sensitive and/or explosives waste, sewage, etc.), which is suspended in an airborne cloud within said energy generating system and thus ignited into a repetitive series of explosion cycles for the purposes energy and/or motive force.
33 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises an airborne suspension of one or more types of ignitable particulate dusts, which are used to propagate an explosion event within said energy generating system.
34 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises an airborne suspension of one or more ignitable gasses, which are used to propagate an explosion event within said energy generating system.
35 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises an airborne suspension of one or more ignitable aerosol liquids and/or vapors, which are used to propagate an explosion event within said energy generating system.
36 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises a pre-heated blend of ignitable particulate solids, and/or combustible gas, and/or an aerosol or vapor of flammable or combustible atomized liquid droplets.
37 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises the addition of air and/or one or more solid, liquid, and/or gaseous oxidizing substances.
38 . The method of claim 2 , whereas the fuel source comprises an aspect of using gasses liberated by the distillation of coal, peat, shales, wood, oil, or vegetative substances as fuel and/or fuel enhancements within a process that converts explosive thermo-dynamic force into heart, steam, and/or direct pressure for energy utilization purposes.
39 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said Ignition Chamber mechanism, and/or the Reaction Chamber mechanism, is comprised with a pre-fire air and/or gas pressure load, which is applied to said chamber's interior atmosphere prior to igniting the airborne fuel-gas suspension cloud; wherein the adiabatic pressure potential of the ensuing explosion event is influenced by the addition of this step and the flame-front temperature and pressure release of the subsequent exothermic reaction is boosted by the adiabatic kinetics thus creating a greater degree of pressure and/or heat.
40 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said Ignition Chamber mechanism, and/or the Reaction Chamber mechanism, comprise a system for producing steam pressure by routing the thermodynamics release of said explosive reaction into a target fluid body for the purpose of flash vaporizing said quantity of fluid into steam pressure as generally described in FIGS. B- 1 , B- 3 , C- 1 , C- 2 , C- 3 , C- 4 , D, and E.
41 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system comprises of a means to initiate a process contained explosion event series for inducing pressure wave episodes, due to the very rapid episode steam generation, which occurs when the explosive energy directly contacts a quantity of fluid and vaporizes said fluid into steam pressure; whereas said pressure wave episode is used to drive a device or working fluid for the purpose of producing torque and/or thrust for generating energy, momentum, or motive force and/or heat for an process application as generally described in FIGS. B- 4 , E, I, K, P, and Q.
42 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system comprises a means of mixing explosion exhaust emissions with steam and said exhaust/steam mixture is thereby injected into a fluid body as generally described in FIGS. B- 3 , B- 4 , D, E, I, K and Q.
43 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system comprises a means of injecting generated steam into a process system fluid reservoirs to induce a steam implosion reaction for the purpose of creating a cavitation or vacuum of fluids in said system to generate a flow of fluids for energy recovery and/or the reduction of emissions as generally described in FIGS. B- 3 , B- 4 , D, E, I, K and Q.
44 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system comprises a means of inducing an electrical current into the process system fluid zones and/or reservoirs subject to littoral reaction and/or steam implosion influence for the purpose of effecting an improved pollutant removal mechanism; whereby solid and gaseous contaminants are transferred to the fluid medium of the process reservoir and are thus subject to treatment activities.
45 . The method of claim 1 , wherein in one or more embodiments the Ignition Chamber consists of a cylinder and piston configuration for accept the direct pressure force of the explosion episode and translate said explosive force into a direct displacement force.
46 . The method of claim 45 , wherein in one or more embodiments of the cylinder and piston configuration consists of a free piston arrangement as described in FIGS. G- 1 thru G- 6 ; wherein the piston is driven forward by the explosion episode and releases its heat and pressure at a port position in the cylinder wall, wherein the released energy is routed to another chamber within the same cylinder and flash converts a quantity of working fluid into steam pressure, which drives another piston also connected to the first piston by a connecting rod assembly back to the original starting position, thus allowing for a complete cycle of piston movement down the cylinder by the direct pressure of the blast episode and back again due to the steam expansion factor driving the other piston in a counter force arrangement thus translating both the heat and pressure release of said explosive force into a useable mode of thrust for energy recovery purposes.
47 . The method of claim 45 , wherein in one or more embodiments of the cylinder and piston configuration consists of a piston and crankshaft arrangement as described in FIGS. H- 1 thru H- 2 ; wherein two separate or combined piston and crankshaft configurations are connected and joined at the heat and pressure outlet of the first ignition engine segment and the intake portal of the second steam engine segment, whereas the released energy from the first cylinder and piston arrangement is routed to the second chamber which is located either within the same engine block assembly or arranged with two adjacent and/or connected block assemblies, wherein the first cylinder operates much like a standard combustion engine within the second cylinder being thus arranged to inject a volume of fluid or steam pressure at or near the full compression position of the piston where the heat and pressure of the exhaust gas load are maximized, whereas the injected fluid flash converts into steam pressure, which provides the pressure cycle for the second piston cylinder arrangement and thus completes a cycle of translation for both the heat and pressure release of said explosive force into a useable mode of thrust for energy recovery purposes.
48 . The method of claim 14 , whereas one or more embodiments of said energy generating system, comprises of a process arrangement including one or more fluid-gas separation vessels or tanks are included in the system piping network designated to receive the exhausted and expelled fluid and/or gaseous force flow of the explosion event wherein these vessels function to contain air pocket reservoir in the upper cavity of the vessel and fluid in the lower cavity volume of the vessel, thus providing a means of absorbing the shockwave of displaced fluid/gas volumes using the gas compression mechanism offered by this in-line arrangement.
49 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system's steam conversion mechanism is comprised by one or more components, which may include a filtration device to be located between the point of steam generation and a steam turbine or other such energy translation apparatus, for the purpose of removing solid particles and other contaminants from the flow of mixed steam and exhaust.
50 . A system and protocol according to claim 1 herein described as the Explo-Dynamics Flash Steam Conversion Cycle and is comprised of the following steps:
a) A confined process system is configured and provided to supply and support the energy conversion process (FIG. C- 1 thru C- 4 , Component Items No: 1-12);
b) An ignitable fuel (solid, gaseous, and/or liquid or any singular or combination mixture thereof) is injected into the first stage (thermo-dynamic reaction) chamber of Flash Steam Conversion process (FIG. C- 1 , Component Items No: 4-5, Sequences: 1-3);
c) A quantity of air and/or another oxidizing substance is injected into the first stage (thermo-dynamic reaction) Ignition Chamber of the Flash Steam Conversion process (FIG. C- 1 , Component Items: 3 and/or 5, Sequence 1-3);
d) An ignition mechanism is triggered by a process control computer system to produce a spark or other ignition mechanism into the stage one chambers internal atmosphere (FIG. C- 1 , Component Item No. 6, Sequence 4);
e) The fuel cloud is ignited and an explosive reaction is initiated within the confines of the first stage (thermo-dynamic reaction) chamber of the Flash Steam Conversion process (FIG. C- 1 thru C- 2 , Component Item 1, Sequence 4-9);
f) The blast wave initiated within the confines of the first stage (thermo-dynamic reaction) chamber of the Flash Steam Conversion is stimulated by internal obstructions designed to increase turbulence (FIG. C- 1 thru C- 3 , Item 1, Sequence 4-10);
g) The shock wave initiated within the confines of the first stage (thermo-dynamic reaction) chamber of the Flash Steam Conversion process is used to simulate a piston effect by creating an imploding annular shock wave thereby compressing an air pocket ahead of the blast wave (FIG. C- 2 thru C- 3 , Component Item 1, Sequence 6-10);
h) The imploding air pocket is forced into one or more parabolic reflection structures within the reaction cylinder thus creating an adiabatically enhanced thermal output effect as the blast wave overcomes this zone of stimulation and retreats in the path of least resistance (FIG. C- 2 , Component Items 1 and 7, Sequence 6-7);
i) The intensified blast wave travels to and through a pressure relief mechanism (FIG. C- 3 , Component Item 7, Sequence 9-12);
j) The intensified blast wave travels to and through a confined fluid load zone within the system (FIG. C- 3 thru C- 4 , Component Item 8, Sequence 10-13);
k) The stimulated thermal energy pulse causes a flash conversion of the fluid load into a quantity of steam and excessive thermal forces within the ensuing blast wave dissociate a quantity of hydrogen and/or other gasses contained within the target fluid (FIG. C- 3 thru C- 4 , Component Item 8, Sequence 10-13);
l) The steam and, dissociated hydrogen, oxygen and residual water vapor are propelled by the blast wave and are driven into and through a check valve into the second stage chamber of the Flash Steam Conversion process (FIG. C- 3 thru C- 4 , Component Items: 8, 9, and 2, Sequence 10-13);
m) The heat from the ensuing blast wave ignites the dissociated hydrogen gas and the liberated oxygen, which supports and enhances the thermal conversion of the residual fluid into additional steam pressure (FIG. C- 3 thru C- 4 , Items: 8, 9, and 2, Sequence 10-13);
n) The steam pressure generated in the Flash Steam Conversion process is discharged into a steam-to-energy mechanism for creating torque or thrust for generating electricity or motive force for the propulsion of a vehicle, watercraft, and/or process (FIG. C- 4 , Component Item 10, Sequence 13-16);
o) Once steam pressures are sufficiently relieved from the system, the next reaction sequence is initiated as multiple duplicated Explo-Dynamics process components are utilized as a sequenced means of combining the energy produced from each process unit to produce a smoother and greater delivery of energy (FIG. C- 4 , Component Items: 1-10, Sequence 13-16).
51 . An apparatus according to claim 1 , whereas a certain embodiment, referred to herein as a Thrust Translator, an embodiment of which is generally described in FIG. L, is used for transforming an explosion release episode into a stable output of energy by means of direct pressure displacement, and thereby comprises a heavy turbine wheel arrangement (as noted in FIG. J) containing or receiving a small amount of fluid for steam drive boost to the rotation; whereupon the exhaust gasses and steam are expelled at a point in the rotation thus a rotation force is supplied and added to the flywheel effect established by the rotation of the turbine, which receives direct pulse explosion thrust force and thus drives an impeller, pump, or shaft to a generator unit for energy conversion of the explosive pulse episode into a rotational torque force.
52 . An apparatus according to claim 1 , herein referred to as a Pulse Converter Turbine, an embodiment of which is generally described in FIG. J, whereas said apparatus may be configured in either fluid or gas operation mode and thereby is comprised a chamber with inlet and outlet orifices designed to route flows in a circumferential manner inside said chamber housing; wherein said Pulse Converter Turbine apparatus is a variation of a standard turbine arrangement; whereupon the annular space between the impeller vanes or flites and the turbine housing is greater at the entry inlet position and gradually tapers down to a closer distance and reduction of annular space near the out point thus transferring explosive displacement impulse forces of fluid-gas flow into rotational energy to turn and/or provide torque to a shaft.
53 . An apparatus according to claim 1 , herein referred to as a Charge Injection Unit, an embodiment of which is generally described in FIG. N, Example 1, whereas said apparatus comprises of a chamber or cylinder with process controlled inlet and outlet valve mechanisms and a piston apparatus being driven by a pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic, or electronic force; whereas the piston draws a slug or charge of fuel/gas mixture from the fuel mix cyclone assembly, or Tornado Chamber as referred to herein, and forcefully propels said charge into the Explo-Dynamics blast chamber for ignition.
54 . An apparatus according to claim 1 , herein referred to as a Charge Injection Unit, an embodiment of which is generally described in FIG. N, Example 1, whereas said apparatus comprises of a chamber tank or cylinder with process controlled inlet and outlet valves and a piston apparatus being driven by a pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic, or electronic force; whereas the injection chamber tank draws a slug or charge of fuel/gas mixture from the Tornado Chamber and via a high pressure release air burst, forcefully propels said charge into said energy generating system's blast chamber for ignition; whereupon there are three process sub-components to this component, which are:
(a) the Vacuum Component comprises: a vacuum pump, a vacuum chamber tank, a process control actuated inlet valve; (b) the Pressure Component comprises: a compressor, compressed air tank, a process control actuated outlet valve; and (c) the Charge Injection Component comprises: a mixed fuel injection chamber tank, a process control actuated thrust valve, and a high pressure charge tank.
55 . An apparatus according to claim 1 , herein referred to as a Charge Injection Unit (FIG. N, Example 2) whereas said apparatus comprises of a process piping arrangement; wherein a blower is used to propel a quantity of airborne fuel/air/gas mixture into the fuel mix chamber and/or Ignition Chamber for subsequent ignition; whereas a manifold transport arrangement provides for a continuous forced air flow of fuel-laden air to the Ignition Chamber/s and a blow-by or return line leading said manifold line back to said Tornado Chamber thus constituting a closed loop network for providing a pre-mixed supply of fuel and air/oxidizer at the intake portal connection of said Ignition Chamber.
56 . An apparatus according to claim 1 , herein referred to as a Charge Injection Unit, an embodiment of which is generally described in FIG. N, Example 3, whereas said apparatus comprises a piston, cylinder and hopper arrangement, which gravity feeds powder into a cylinder chamber, which is subject to the force of a piston or a driving pressure blast to propel the charge into the Ignition Chamber for fueling said explosion episode.
57 . An apparatus according to claim 1 , herein referred to as a Tornado Chamber, an embodiment of which is generally described in FIG. O, whereas said apparatus comprises an airtight cyclone chamber with a powered impellor component within to create a turbulence of ignitable dust and/or aerosol particles and/or gasses within an airborne air and/or gas atmosphere; whereupon said Tornado Chamber contains portals that are electronically controlled via a programmable logic control network, which is driven by a process computer system, and through these computer process actuated inlet and outlet portals, dust and/or aerosol feedstocks, flammable gas, oxidizing substances, and/or air are mixed in the turbulence created therein and thus creates a controlled fuel mix supply for the energy generating system.
58 . An apparatus according to claim 1 , herein referred to as the Explo-Indirect Steam Process, an embodiment of which is generally described in FIG. P, whereas said apparatus comprises an energy generating system in a certain embodiment; wherein an explosion event is introduced and thus drives an adiabatic implosion episode and increasing the heat and blast violence by means of the shockwave stimulation of the blast wave; whereupon by means of a relief valve mechanism, the pressure influenced and accelerated thermal heat episode is discharged into a structurally reinforced boiler chamber containing tubes of piping filled with fluids for thermal conversion into a steam pressure supply source.
59 . An apparatus according to claim 45 , wherein in one or more embodiments of the present invention comprise a free piston configuration, an embodiment of which is generally described in FIGS. G- 1 through G- 6 ; wherein, the apparatus is comprised of a cylinder containing a unified connecting rod with two pistons allowing for thrust in a counter direction movement, a partition disk with a seal to allow the connecting rod to travel between the heat pressure and steam segment portion of the cylinder, portals with flow control valves to allow for fuel input, heat and pressure transfer, steam and exhaust output, and pressure differential transfer between the cylinder segment linkage conduits, as well as one or more process controlled igniter placements, a fluid injection point, portals for sensor array connections, a cylinder rod exit seal, and process controlled flow valves, and a process control system.
60 . An apparatus of claim 1 , herein referred to as the Pressure/Gas Drive Configuration, an embodiment of which is generally described in FIG. K;
whereas said apparatus consists of a cylinder and chamber arrangement with a free piston floating upon a body of process contained fluid, wherein an explosive force is initiated which drives a floating piston downward against said fluid, which responds to the force applied and passes into another chamber thru a check valve mechanism; whereupon the in-coming fluids drive a gas pressure pocket into compression episode in the upper extremities of said gas separation chamber and therein a gas drive influence is created which drives the fluid from the reservoir chamber in a stabilized flow to a turbine or other mechanism for energy recovery and conversion.
61 . The method of claim 14 , whereas one or more embodiments of said energy generating system consists of using the release of explosive pulse energy to propel a fluid through process system piping network up gradient to a reservoir for controlled gravitational release to drive a down gradient turbine for power generation purposes.
62 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said Ignition Chamber mechanism, and/or the Reaction Chamber mechanism, for containing and controlling said explosive reaction comprises a process environment conducive to stimulating and controlling a deflagration to detonation (DDT) reaction for the purpose of magnifying the pressure and thermal output of a process contained explosion for energy production purposes.
63 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system is used as a heat production resource comprising a heat and steam generation mechanism, wherein this energy is used to distill a particulate slurry of pulverized coal and thus produce a methanol distillate and/or a coal gas mixture comprising hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, and other minute gaseous substances.
64 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system is used as a heat production resource comprising a heat and steam generation mechanism, wherein this energy is used to induce a distillation process upon a liquefied mixture of pulverized organic compounds thus producing a combustible gas and/or organic solvent liquid distillate.
65 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system is used as a heat and pressure production resource comprising a heat and steam generation mechanism, wherein this energy is used to provide thermal energy to support a chemical process such as a water gas shift reaction, a Fischer-Tropsch process, steam methane reforming (SMR) reaction, or another hydrocarbon reformation process for liberating gasses.
66 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system is used as a heat production resource comprising a heat and steam generation mechanism, wherein this energy is used to induce a distillation process upon a liquefied mixture of pulverized grains and/or other vegetative matter thus producing liquid distillate of ethanol and/or methanol and/or a combustible gas and/or other gaseous substances.
67 . The method of claim 1 , whereas one or more embodiments of said energy generating system comprises a means of supplying heat and torque generated from excess gas and/or fluid drive pressures associated with the various fluid-gas separation components incorporated within the energy generating system; whereas said heat and/or pressure forces and/or other system surplus energies are used to pulverize and/or dry fuel stocks for powering said energy system.
68 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system is used as a means of producing torque or thrust thereby comprising the motive force necessary to drive a pump to displace and propel water or other fluid substances.
69 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system is used as a heat production resource comprising a heat and steam generation mechanism, wherein this energy resource is used to effect a thermal energy release into a heat-to-energy conversion process via one or more of the following methods: the thermionics method, the vacuum gap tube process, and/or the solid-state thermal diode process, Solid State Heat Engine (SSHE) technology, the Peltier—Seebeck thermoelectric effect, and/or Thermopile conversion.
70 . The method of claim 1 , whereas one or more embodiments of said energy generating system is used to supply heat for external combustion engine cycles comprising one or more of the following cycles: Stirling, Rankine, Brayton, Ericsson, and/or Stoddard and/or any combination thereof.
71 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system is comprised an arrangement with steam pressure from one or more process units being routed into a multi-chamber steam turbine assembly to allow steam pressure impulses from multiple process reactions to flow independently and contribute to the generation of torque applied to a common shaft or motive force.
72 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system's process control mechanism is comprised by one or more components, which may include a microprocessor, programmable logic controller array, and/or computer system, which is used to support process control activities by monitoring fuel attributes, flows, inventories and thus triggering the transfer and ignition of said fuel in and through a series of multiple explosive reaction cycles whereupon the energy release is monitored and various process components are activated and deactivated according to a pre-programmed sequence with limits of operation as well as providing for the monitoring and control of the subsequent energy conversion operations managed therein.
73 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of the energy generating system's process control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include a differential thermal analyzer (DTA) (and/or its functional equivalent), is used to monitor the exothermic reaction characteristics of an contained explosion event pursuant to a process for the conversion of explosive force into a usable energy resource.
74 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of the energy generating system's process control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include a condensation particle counter and/or a nano-particle aerosol counter (and/or their functional equivalents), are used to measure an airborne suspension of particles to be used as a fuel for a process.
75 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy generating system's process control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include a high speed infrared pyrometer sensor and portal mount window utilizing a sapphire, quartz, or other heat and pressure resistant lens components (and/or their functional equivalents) to allow for process temperature monitoring and control.
76 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy generating system's process control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include a high-pressure differential scanning calorimeter (HPDSC) (and/or its functional equivalent), which is used to monitor the exothermic reaction characteristics of an contained explosion event pursuant to a process for the conversion of explosive force into a usable energy resource.
77 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy generating system's process control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include a laser photometer (and/or its functional equivalent) with real-time mass concentration measurement and data logging capability, which is used for measuring airborne fuel cloud concentrations.
78 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy generating system's process control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include a mass flow meter (and/or its functional equivalent), which is used to monitor airborne dust composition and concentration for fuel mixtures.
79 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy generating system's process control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include a probe emitting near-infrared radiation (and/or its functional equivalent), which monitors process atmospheres containing airborne fuel dust mixtures, whereas the infrared radiation is reflected from the dust's surface back to a silicon photodiode in the optical module thus measuring an airborne suspension of dust to be used as a fuel.
80 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy generating system's process control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include a spectrometer (and/or its functional equivalent), which is used to determine the Aerodynamic Particle Size using high-resolution, real-time aerodynamic measurements of particle size distributions for measuring airborne fuel cloud concentrations.
81 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy generating system's process control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include a spectrometric sensor (and/or its functional equivalent), which is used as a particle sizer to measure light-scattering intensity in the equivalent optical size range for the purposes of measuring and regulating airborne fuel cloud concentration levels.
82 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy generating system's process control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include a thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA) (and/or its functional equivalent), which is used to monitor the exothermic reaction characteristics of an contained explosion event pursuant to a process for the conversion of explosive force into an usable energy resource.
83 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy generating system's control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include a laser particle counter (and/or its functional equivalent), which is used to monitor the airborne dust composition and concentration for fuel mixtures.
84 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of the energy generating system's process control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include a light scattering photometer (and/or its functional equivalent), which is used to monitor airborne dust composition and concentration for fuel mixtures.
85 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of the energy generating system's process control system is comprised by one or more components, which may include an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer spectrometer (and/or its functional equivalent), which is used to monitor airborne dust composition and concentration for fuel mixtures.
86 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said Ignition Chamber mechanism, and/or the Reaction Chamber mechanism, for containing and controlling said explosive reaction is comprised with one or more piezo-electric pressure transducer sensor components (and/or its functional equivalent), to allow for process pressure monitoring and control.
87 . The method of claim 14 , one or more embodiments of the energy generating system comprises a process arrangement using explosive pulse energy to propel a fluid into a closed vessel containing an air pocket in its upper extremities thereby creating a mechanism for compressing said air pocket and applying pneumatic pressure to drive a steady effluent stream of fluid out of said vessel into a turbine for power generation purposes as generally described in FIG. K.
88 . The method of claim 45 , one or more embodiments of the energy generating system comprises an ignition mechanism utilizing one or more igniters, glow plugs, and compression ignition mechanisms for igniting said fuel as per the compression force of a piston or other compression device; whereas said arrangement offers the flexibility necessary to efficiently process multiple fuel states and mixture scenarios.
89 . The method of claim 47 , one or more embodiments of the energy generating system comprises an improvement and allows for different lubrication reservoirs to be maintained for the separated fuel explosion cylinder and the steam explosion cylinder, which in itself further allows for different component materials to be used and different output power profiles to be maintained; wherein engine reliability, durability and power outputs can be optimized by said arrangement.
90 . The method of claim 11 , one or more embodiments of the energy generating system's fluid body, which is subject to steam conversion, comprises a working fluid in a critical or supercritical fluid state or a conversion state wherein these critical working fluids are being depressurized, condensing, or otherwise in the process of being transformed into steam pressure.
91 . The method of claim 1 , one or more embodiments of the energy generating system is used as a heat production resource comprising a heat and steam generation mechanism, wherein this energy is used to directly or indirectly support: fixed bed gasification, fluidized bed gasification, entrained bed gasification, pyrolysis gasification, and/or insitu gasification of coal, oil shale, tar sands, or other hydrocarbon containing substances.
92 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of the energy generating system is used as a heat source comprising a means of producing an enhanced thermal energy pulse for supporting a dissociation reaction for the thermolysis of water or other fluids and/or the dissociation of a gas such as hydrogen and/or methane.
93 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of the energy generating system is used as a heat source comprising a means of producing an enhanced thermal energy pulse for supporting direct thermal water-splitting or thermochemcial water-splitting processes.
94 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of the energy generating system, a method is comprised by process arrangements incorporating an aspect of fluid displacement and thereby utilizing a centrifugal water pump, or other electrically powered water pumping mechanism, and thus being configured and subjected to reverse flow conditions and therein providing a means for the motor to produce electricity instead of consuming electricity.
95 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system comprises multiple process units being collectively applied to produce a greater and more stable amount of heat and pressure forces for subsequent energy conversion purposes
96 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system is comprised with cooling mechanisms including water jacket arrangements, fluid sprays, heat exchangers, and/or radiators to provide for the continuous cooling of various process components.
97 . The method of claim 43 , wherein one or more embodiments of the energy generating system's steam injection method comprises a mechanism for injecting steam and/or exhaust gasses into a pipe, conduit, chamber, or other fluid containing process system component; whereas said injection system may either consist of a outside border or circumferential port arrangement to inject steam and/or exhaust pressure into a stream of fluid from the outside border of the channel conduit, tube, pipe or other injection mechanism, or an arrangement to introduce a jet of steam and/or exhaust pressure to the inside of a moving fluid channel with channel fluid flows surrounding said injection jet assembly; wherein the purpose of these injection mechanisms is to create a flow of fluid for energy conversion and recovery purposes and/or to provide a means for treating and reducing exhaust emissions.
98 . The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more embodiments of said energy generating system comprises a system operation practice of establishing and maintaining a heated process fluid reservoir temperature for the purpose of reducing the severity of the water hammer effect caused by steam implosion episodes induced within said process system reservoir associated with several embodiment variations of the present invention.
99 . A system and protocol according to claim 1 herein described as the Free-Piston Engine Configuration and is generally comprised of the following steps:
(a) (in the Ignition Segment) fuel is vacuum or pressure injected into Ignition Chamber segment of said engine chamber (FIG. G- 2 , Sequence 5);
(in the Steam Segment) building steam pressure provides thrust to the steam piston propelling said steam piston toward its expansion stroke (FIGS. G- 1 , Sequences 1-4, G- 2 , Sequences 5-8, and G- 3 , Sequences 9-11);
(b) (in the Ignition Segment) the unified piston assembly compresses said fuel (FIGS. G- 2 , Sequences 6-8 and G- 3 , Sequences 9-11);
(in the Steam Segment) continuously expanding steam pressure provides thrust to the steam piston and it travels toward full expansion stroke (FIGS. G- 1 , Sequences 1-4, G- 2 , Sequences 5-8, and G- 3 , Sequences 9-11);
(c) (in the Ignition Segment) an ignition event is triggered by either the process control system acting through an ignition mechanism or by a pressure induced by steam pressure even proving thrust from the other piston front within the steam segment of said engine chamber (FIG. G- 3 , Sequence 12);
(in the Steam Segment) a release valve is process control or mechanically actuated allowing a rapid release of steam pressure and the steam driven piston reaches the full expansion position; whereas the pressures against the segment partition seal are relieved by discharging pressure into the other segment partition behind the ignition piston or by venting said pressures out of the engine and a shock absorbing/rebound mechanism relieves the residual thrust of the stroke as the piston begins the retraction process (FIG. G- 3 , Sequence 12);
(d) (in the Ignition Segment) explosively expanding gasses drive the unified piston assembly back toward the steam segment (FIGS. G- 4 , Sequences 13-16 and G- 5 , Sequences 17-20);
(in the Steam Segment) the steam pressures continues to escape the steam segment of said engine configuration and allows the depressurized steam piston to begin its retraction stroke in response to the ignition pressure exerted from the ignition segment (FIGS. G- 4 , Sequences 13-16, G- 5 , Sequences 17-20, and G- 6 , Segment 21)
(e) (in the Ignition Segment) one or more exhaust ports in the cylinder wall allow the expanding gas front to escape the Ignition Chamber segment and transfer the heat and pressure release to a linkage conduit connecting the steam segment (FIGS. G- 6 , Sequences 21-24 and G- 1 , Sequence 1);
(in the Steam Segment) as full depressurization occurs, a quantity of fluid is injected into the steam sector and the linkage conduit transmits a heated exhaust burst from the ignition segment, which is flash converted into steam pressure (FIG. G- 6 , Sequence 24);
(f) (in the Ignition Segment) the piston reaches the full expansion position in the ignition segment and a shock absorbing/rebound mechanism relieves the residual thrust of the stroke as the piston begins the retraction process and the pressures against the segment partition seal are relieved by discharging pressure into the other segment partition behind the steam piston or by venting said pressures out of the engine; (FIGS. G- 1 , Sequence 1-2);
(in the Steam Segment) the flash converted steam pressures build an provide thrust against the steam piston driving said piston to compress the ignition segment piston into a compression stroke (FIGS. G- 1 , Sequence 1-3);
(g) (in the Ignition Segment) the ignition segment piston responds to the force exerted from the steam segment, and begins to travel toward another fuel compression stroke (FIGS. G- 1 , Sequence 2-4);
(in the Steam Segment) the building steam pressure provides thrust to the steam piston propelling said steam piston toward its expansion stroke (FIGS. G- 1 , Sequences 1-4, G- 2 , Sequences 5-8, and G- 3 , Sequences 9-11);
and thus a complete engine cycle is constituted by these steps of system and protocol, which are repeated to deliver a means of thrust for energy conversion purposes.
100 . A system and protocol according to claim 1 herein described as the piston crankshaft configuration or the Explo-Steam engine embodiment and is generally comprised in the following steps:
(a) the ignition driven engine segment's piston reaches the full compression stroke of the exhaust phase and the exhaust valve releases the compressed exhaust heat gasses into the linkage manifold wherein said gasses enter the intake valve of the littoral reaction engine segment (FIG. H- 1 , Sequence 1);
(b) as the ignition driven engine segment's piston retracts, the exhaust valve closes and the intake valve opens allowing a fuel/air mixture to be drawn in said cylinder; likewise, the littoral reaction engine segment's piston begins a compression stroke against the input load of exhaust gasses (FIG. H- 1 , Sequence 2-3);
(c) as the ignition driven engine segment's piston compresses the fuel/air mixture, the littoral reaction engine segment's piston reaches a full compression stroke; whereas at or near this interval a quantity of working fluid is injected into said cylinder (FIGS. H- 1 , Sequence 3-4);
(d) as the ignition driven engine segment's piston reaches full compression stroke, the fuel/air mixture is heated to an explosion of said fuel mix; likewise, the littoral reaction engine segment's piston retracts in a full power stroke against the expanding steam pressure event (FIG. H- 2 , Sequence 5);
(e) as the ignition driven engine segment's piston retracts in a full power stroke against the expanding ignited gas pressure, the littoral reaction engine segment's exhaust valve opens as the piston begins a compression stroke against the released steam pressure event (FIG. H- 2 , Sequence 5-6);
(f) the ignition driven engine segment's piston reaches the full expansion stroke position the exhaust valve opens and the piston forces the exhaust pressures out of said cylinder into the linkage conduit manifold phase and the exhaust valve releases the compressed exhaust heat gasses into the linkage manifold; wherein the littoral reaction engine segment's exhaust valve has closed and the intake valve has opened to receive the ignition driven engine segment's gaseous exhaust discharge (FIG. H- 2 , Sequence 7-8);
and thus a complete engine cycle is constituted by these steps of system and protocol, which are repeated to deliver a means of thrust for energy conversion purposes.
101 . The use of airborne particle clouds or dust suspensions as a fuel source for propagating an explosion event series wherein the explosive force is contained and transformed within a process system into a useable energy resource; whereas said dust suspensions are comprised of one or more types of organic and/or inorganic particulate fuel resource categories including:
a) coal dusts (including bituminous, sub-bituminous, anthracite, lignite and peat grades, Powder River Basin coals, brown coal, coal slurry, hydrocarbon fines, etc.); b) grain dusts (including corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, seed, nuts, hulls, etc.); c) biomass or vegetative dusts (including alfalfa, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, potato, cork, peels, shells, cellulosic matter, grass, biological matter, fungi, aquatic plant life and algae, etc.); d) foodstuff dusts (including sugar, starch, flour, spices, malt, cereal, soy protein, etc.); e) agricultural by-product/waste dusts (including corncob, wheat straw, animal meal, manure, etc.); f) wood and/or paper particle dusts (including, sawdust, bark, pulp, leaves, mulch, etc.); g) plastic particle dusts (including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polystyrene, poly vinyl chloride [PVC], epoxy, etc.); h) metal particle dusts (including aluminum, magnesium, zinc, boron, tin, iron, silicon, etc.); i) textile fiber and/or particle dusts (including cotton, rayon, nylon, etc.); j) chemical particle dusts (including cellulose acetate, ethyl acetate, etc.); k) non-typical mineral and/or rock dusts (including coal-shale, oil-shale, tar sands, peats, petroleum solids, petrochemical and/or oil and gas products or byproducts, etc.); and l) waste material particle dusts (including solid waste, municipal waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, shock sensitive and/or explosives waste, sewage, etc.)
102 . A means of using airborne particle clouds or dust suspensions as a fuel source for propagating an explosion event series wherein the explosive force is contained and transformed within a process system into a useable energy resource; whereas said dust suspensions are comprised of one or more types of organic and/or inorganic particulate fuel resource categories including:
a) coal dusts (including bituminous, sub-bituminous, anthracite, lignite and peat grades, Powder River Basin coals, brown coal, coal slurry, hydrocarbon fines, etc.); b) grain dusts (including corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, seed, nuts, hulls, etc.); c) biomass or vegetative dusts (including alfalfa, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, potato, cork, peels, shells, cellulosic matter, grass, biological matter, fungi, aquatic plant life and algae, etc.); d) foodstuff dusts (including sugar, starch, flour, spices, malt, cereal, soy protein, etc.); e) agricultural by-product/waste dusts (including corncob, wheat straw, animal meal, manure, etc.); f) wood and/or paper particle dusts (including, sawdust, bark, pulp, leaves, mulch, etc.); g) plastic particle dusts (including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polystyrene, poly vinyl chloride [PVC], epoxy, etc.); h) metal particle dusts (including aluminum, magnesium, zinc, boron, tin, iron, silicon, etc.); i) textile fiber and/or particle dusts (including cotton, rayon, nylon, etc.); j) chemical particle dusts (including cellulose acetate, ethyl acetate, etc.); k) non-typical mineral and/or rock dusts (including coal-shale, oil-shale, tar sands, peats, petroleum solids, petrochemical and/or oil and gas products or byproducts, etc.); and l) waste material particle dusts (including solid waste, municipal waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, shock sensitive and/or explosives waste, sewage, etc.)
103 . A method of using airborne particle clouds or dust suspensions as a fuel source, wherein the improvement comprises propagating an explosion event series whereupon the explosive force is contained, controlled, thermally stimulated and enhanced, and thereby transformed within said energy generating system's process into a useable energy; whereas said dust suspensions are comprised of one or more types of organic and/or inorganic particulate fuel resource categories including a few representative examples of each:
a) coal dusts (including bituminous, sub-bituminous, anthracite, lignite and peat grades, Powder River Basin coals, brown coal, coal slurry, hydrocarbon fines, etc.); b) grain dusts (including corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, seed, nuts, hulls, etc.); c) biomass or vegetative dusts (including alfalfa, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, potato, cork, peels, shells, cellulosic matter, grass, biological matter, fungi, aquatic plant life and algae, etc.); d) foodstuff dusts (including sugar, starch, flour, spices, malt, cereal, soy protein, etc.); e) agricultural by-product/waste dusts (including corncob, wheat straw, animal meal, manure, etc.); f) wood and/or paper particle dusts (including, sawdust, bark, pulp, leaves, mulch, etc.); g) plastic particle dusts (including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polystyrene, poly vinyl chloride [PVC], epoxy, etc.); h) metal particle dusts (including aluminum, magnesium, zinc, boron, tin, iron, silicon, etc.); i) textile fiber and/or particle dusts (including cotton, rayon, nylon, etc.); j) chemical particle dusts (including cellulose acetate, ethyl acetate, etc.); k) non-typical mineral and/or rock dusts (including coal-shale, oil-shale, tar sands, peats, petroleum solids, petrochemical and/or oil and gas products or byproducts, etc.); and l) waste material particle dusts (including solid waste, municipal waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, shock sensitive and/or explosives waste, sewage, etc.)
In view of the preferred embodiments described above, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be embodied in forms other than those specifically described herein without departing from the spirit or central characteristics of the invention. Thus, the specific embodiments described herein are to be considered as illustrative and by no means restrictive.
The above description is that of a preferred embodiment of the invention. Multiple modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. Any reference to claim elements in the singular, e.g. using the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” or “said” is not construed as limiting the element to the singular.
Further, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the preceding claims. None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed.Join the waitlist — get patent alerts
Track US2011283705A1 — get alerts on status changes and closely related new filings.
We store only your email — no account needed. See our privacy policy.