US2010293841A1PendingUtilityA1
Nitrated non-cyclic N-Alkane scaffolds with differentiated-mean combustive equivalencies as high energy density fuel improvers
Individually held — no corporate assignee on recordPriority: May 20, 2009Filed: May 20, 2009Published: Nov 25, 2010
Est. expiryMay 20, 2029(~2.8 yrs left)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
Inventors:Mathew M. Zuckerman
C10L 10/00C10L 1/1832C10L 1/1616C10L 1/1852C10L 10/02C10L 1/14C10L 1/1608C10L 1/231C10L 1/19
50
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Claims
Abstract
A non-ring, non-alkene, nitrated n-alkane base scaffold combined with at least one trioxynitrate provides a differentiated-mean combustive performance in a stabilized and sufficiently polar molecule as to be miscible, and thus serve as a high-energy-density component of a fuel additive that, when mixed with existing fuels at appropriate dilution ratios, will impart equivalent combustive efficiency to that of standardized, petroleum distillate, gasoline and diesel in various blends including aviation fuel and heating oil over the full-temperature-range of use; and a specific embodiment of this non-ring, non-alkene nitrated n-alkane base scaffold is described which, when blended with a petroleum diesel, biodiesel, or combination of B-20 standard biodiesel (80% diesel, 20% biodiesel) wherein the additive comprises less than 5% of the total mix, produces at least a 10% or greater combustive energy density as compared to the base fuel.
Claims
exact text as granted — not AI-modified1 . A multi-functional, high-energy-density fuel additive (HEDFA) to be mixed with a base fuel in a ratio ranging between one part of additive to 5,000 parts of base fuel, to one part of additive to 50 parts of base fuel to create a desired blended fuel, said HEDFA comprising:
at least a plurality by volume of a trioxynitrated n-alkane (xTONnA) for increasing the energy density of the base fuel, said xTONnA comprising:
a base scaffolding n-alkane being any non-cyclic and non-aromatic and non-alkene hydrocarbon of the formula C n H 2n+2 which has a BTU/unit energy density as a linear function of the number of carbons and less than the base fuel; and,
at least one trioxynitrate group (NO 3 ) attached to the base scaffolding n-alkane; and,
such additional components incorporating functional purposes other than increasing the energy density of the base fuel as desired according to the prior art;
wherein the differentiated-mean combustive equivalencies and BTU/unit density values of the exothermic reactions of the base scaffolding n-alkane and the trioxynitrate group in combined combustion are sufficient to raise the energy density and improve performance of the base fuel as desired by mixing the HEDFA with the base fuel at the ratio producing the desired blended fuel's energy density.
2 . A HEDFA as in claim 1 wherein only one trioxynitrate group (NO 3 ) is attached to the base scaffolding n-alkane, limiting the combustive equivalency of the HEDFA to 1.7 to 2.0 million BTU per pound when the xTONnA is present at fifty percent by volume in the HEDFA.
3 . A HEDFA as in claim 2 wherein the base scaffolding n-alkane to which at least one trioxynitrate is attached is the single largest ingredient in the HEDFA with the molecular linear formula CH 3 (CH 2 )(C 2 H 5 )CH 2 ONO 2 .
4 . A HEDFA as in claim 2 wherein the xTONnA is 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate and comprises at least 40% of the HEDFA by volume, and the HEDFA comprises less than 0.4% by-volume of the desired blended fuel.
5 . A HEDFA as in claim 1 wherein the xTONnA is 2-Methyl-2 nitro-1-propanol nitrate and comprises at least 40% of the HEDFA by volume.
6 . A HEDFA as in claim 1 wherein two trioxynitrate groups are attached to the base scaffolding n-alkane, limiting the combustive equivalency of the HEDFA to between 1.7 million and 4 million BTU per pound when said xTONnA is present at fifty percent by volume in the HEDFA.
7 . A HEDFA as in claim 6 further comprising:
Component
Concentration Volume, %
2-methyl-2nitro-1-propanol nitrate
40-60;
Petroleum Distillates
25-30;
1,2,4-Trimethyl-benzene
3-7;
Long Chain Alkyl Amide
3-7;
m-Cresol
3-7;
Xylenol
3-7;
p-Cresol
5-6;
Vinyl Acetate
5-6;
and,
Ethyl Phenols
2-5.
8 . A HEDFA as in claim 1 wherein three trioxynitrate groups are attached to the base scaffolding n-alkane, delimiting the additive's combustive equivalency to between 4 million and 6 million BTU per pound when said xTONnA is present at fifty percent by volume in the HEDFA.
9 . A HEDFA as in claim 8 further comprising at least one trioxynitrate group forming a high energy component, wherein the high energy component has an energy density measured in BTU per pound ranging from one half million to a maximum of ten million.
10 . A HEDFA as in claim 1 wherein the xTONnA is sufficiently polar as to be miscible in either simple (non-isomeric) alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol, or standard diesel hydrocarbons without precipitating in the diesel hydrocarbons.
11 . A HEDFA as in claim 1 wherein the base scaffolding n-alkane further comprises:
any combination of n-alkane-based, water-soluble simple alcohols having no more than two isomers, that is, any combination of methanol, ethanol, proponol, and butanol; and, is manufactured from gases of geological or biomass origin and not from crude oil or petroleum distillates.
12 . A HEDFA as in claim 11 wherein the alcohol is methanol and it as well as the mixture of components is manufactured from gases of geological or biomass origin and not from crude oil origin and not from petroleum distillate origin.
13 . A HEDFA as in claim 1 used in a blend of diesel and biodiesel, said blend further comprising:
up to 20% by volume biodiesel; <5% by volume multi-functional, high-energy-density fuel additive; and, the remainder diesel.
14 . A HEDFA as in claim 1 used in a blend of diesel and biodiesel, said blend comprising that mixture wherein:
up to 50% of the BTU/unit volume is provide by the HEDFA; and, the balance of the BTU/unit volume is provided by the diesel or biodiesel.
15 . A multi-functional, high-energy-density fuel additive known as HEDFA prepared for petroleum-distillate base fuel blending in a ratio ranging between one part of additive to 5,000 parts of petroleum-distillate base fuel, to one part of additive to 50 parts of petroleum-distillate base fuel, to create a desired blended fuel, said HEDFA having a composition in the following range:
Component
Concentration Volume, %
2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate
40-60;
Petroleum Distillates
25-30;
1,2,4-Trimethyl-benzene
3-7;
Long Chain Alkyl Amide
3-7;
m-Cresol
3-7;
Xylenol
3-7;
p-Cresol
5-6;
Vinyl Acetate
5-6;
and,
Ethyl Phenols
2-5.
16 . A HEDFA as in claim 15 prepared for blending with a petroleum-distillate base diesel fuel with an average Cetane number of 38-55 to provide an improvement of at least 4 Cetane Numbers, said HEDFA comprising:
Component Name
Concentration Volume(%)
2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate
50;
Petroleum Distillates
18.4;
1,2,4-Trimethyl-benzene
5;
Long Chain Alkyl Amide
5;
m-Cresol
5;
Xylenol
5;
p-Cresol
4;
Vinyl Acetate
4;
and,
Ethyl Phenols
3.6.
17 . A multi-functional, high-energy-density fuel additive known as HEDFA prepared for blending with a petroleum-distillate base diesel fuel with an average Cetane number of 38-55 to provide an improvement of at least 4 Cetane Numbers once blended, with said composition being for a Non p-Cresol formulation and comprising:
Component Name
% by Weight
Ethylhexyl Nitrate
40-60%
Solvent Naphtha, Petroleum,
5-15%
Heavy Arom.
Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether
5-15%
Solvent Naphtha, Petroleum,
<5%
Light Arom.
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
<5%
Naphthalene
<2%
Xylene
<0.5%; and,
Ethylbenzene
<0.1%.
18 . A method for preparing from an initial fuel stock that has a particular energy density, and a multi-functional, high-energy-density fuel additive (HEDFA) comprising a base scaffolding n-alkane and at least one trioxynitrate attached thereto (xTONnA) with a proportion of other components, a final blended fuel for a goal energy density (GED) and combustive efficiency, said method comprising:
setting the goal energy density per unit volume a (‘GED/vol a ’) for the final blended fuel; calculating the combustive energy deficit per unit volume a (‘CED’) of the initial fuel stock by subtracting from the GED the particular energy density of the initial fuel stock per vol a ; and, dividing the CED by the HEDFA;
to produce the proportionate amount of the multi-functional fuel additive that; when substituted for the same volume of initial fuel stock, will make up the GED per unit volume a.
19 . A method as in claim 18 , wherein the initial fuel stock is any mixture of methanol and ethanol derived from renewable or natural gas sources, the final proportionate amount of HEDFA is limited to less than 2 ounces by volume per gallon, wherein the volume required decreases as the number of nitro group attached to the alkane scaffold increases, and additional additives are contain in the mixture to improve lubricity, inhibit corrosion and other additives to form a fuel for gasoline or diesel engines or a combustion furnace.
20 . A method in claim 19 where the principal component of the HEDFA is 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate.
21 . A method in claim 19 where the principal component of the HEDFA is 2-Methyl-2 nitro-1-propanol nitrate.
22 . A method in claim 19 where the principal component of the HEDFA is an alkane scaffold containing three nitro groups.
23 . A method as in claim 18 , further comprising a step of modifying the proportion of the xTONnA and of other components of the HEDFA to increase the energy density of the HEDFA and thus reduce the proportionate amount of the HEDFA required to make up the CED per unit volume a.
24 . A completed diesel fuel for diesel engines used in trucks, buses, train engines, off-road vehicles, heavy fueled aircraft, generators and furnaces, further comprising:
as the base combustive energy mean, that blending of petroleum distillates selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon distillates having a boiling point between 150 degrees C. (302 degrees F.) and 280 degrees C. (716 degrees F.) that are selected; and, an additive mixture wherein the largest component is a energy-dense material that also serves as a Cetane Number improver that has a boiling point in the range of the diesel that is a mono-, di- or tri-trioxynitrated alkane consisting respectively of one, two or three nitro groups attached to a base n-alkane scaffold molecule (CH 2 ), where n is 2-20 and the trioxynitrate groups are either directly attached to the Alkane or attached via a branch (CH 2 ) n,o,p where n is 2-20, o is not equal to n, and p is not equal to either n or o.
25 . A class of molecular combinations that are sufficient stable to be used as fuels for combustion in engines or furnaces having a non-alkene, non-ring, non-aromatic n-alkane as base scaffolding and a minimum of one and a maximum of three trioxynitrate (xTONnA), wherein the non-alkene, non-ring, non-aromatic n-alkane base scaffolding contains only stable saturated bonds that do not detonate during combustion as is the case when trinitrotoluene combusts.Join the waitlist — get patent alerts
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