Hollow carbon spheres

Abstract

A hollow carbon sphere having a carbon shell and an inner core is disclosed. The hollow carbon sphere has a total volume that is equal to a volume of the carbon shell plus an inner free volume within the carbon shell. The inner free volume is at least 25% of the total volume. In some instances, a nominal diameter of the hollow carbon sphere is between 10 and 180 nanometers.

1 . A hollow carbon sphere comprising:
 a carbon shell having a total volume;   an inner core having an inner free volume;   said total volume equal to a volume of said carbon shell plus said inner free volume;   said inner free volume being at least 25% of the total volume.   
     
     
         2 . The hollow carbon sphere of  claim 1 , wherein said nominal diameter is between 10 and 180 nanometers. 
     
     
         3 . The hollow carbon sphere of  claim 1 , further comprising a biologically active material encapsulated within said inner core. 
     
     
         4 . The hollow carbon sphere of  claim 1 , further comprising a catalytic material on a surface of said carbon shell. 
     
     
         5 . The hollow carbon sphere of  claim 4 , wherein said surface is an outer surface of said carbon shell. 
     
     
         6 . The hollow carbon sphere of  claim 4 , wherein said catalytic material is selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, rhodium, rhenium, iron, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold and alloys thereof. 
     
     
         7 . A process for making a hollow carbon sphere comprising:
 providing a sacrificial material for the inner core of material;   depositing carbon onto the inner core of material in order to form a carbon shell; and   removing the inner core of material in order to produce a hollow carbon sphere, the hollow carbon sphere having:
 a carbon shell having a total volume; 
 an inner core having an inner free volume; 
 said total volume equal to a volume of said carbon shell plus said inner free volume; 
 said inner free volume being at least 25% of the total volume. 
   
     
     
         8 . The process of  claim 7 , wherein the nominal diameter of the hollow carbon sphere is between 10 and 180 nanometers. 
     
     
         9 . The process of  claim 7 , wherein the depositing carbon onto the inner core of material is depositing by condensation carbon atoms onto the sacrificial material. 
     
     
         10 . The process of  claim 7 , further including vaporizing carbon with a plasma to form carbon vapor. 
     
     
         11 . The process of  claim 7 , wherein the depositing carbon onto the sacrificial material is selected from the group consisting of depositing by chemical vapor deposition, depositing by laser ablation, depositing by electric arc discharge and depositing by low temperature solvation. 
     
     
         12 . The process of  claim 7 , wherein removing the inner core of material is by acidic dissolution of the inner core material. 
     
     
         13 . The process of  claim 7 , wherein removing the inner core of material is by alkaline dissolution of the inner core material. 
     
     
         14 . The process of  claim 7 , further including encapsulating a biologically active material within the hollow carbon sphere. 
     
     
         15 . The process of  claim 7 , further including depositing a catalytic material onto a surface of the hollow carbon sphere. 
     
     
         16 . The process of  claim 15 , wherein the surface of the hollow carbon sphere is an outer surface of the hollow carbon sphere.